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Alan Brinkley American History: A Survey, 10th edition Chapter 28
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America in a World at War
War on Two Fronts Asia & Europe
The American People in Wartime Retreat from Reform Prosperity & Production African-Americans, Native Americans, Mexican
Americans, Women & Children, Japanese Americans, and Chinese Americans
Defeat of the Axis Liberation of France The Pacific Offensive Atomic Warfare
What was the relationship like between Italy and France?
December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor attacked
MacArthur offensive from the South
Nimitz offensive from Hawaii
June 1942: Battle of Midway; US gains control in the Pacific
Patton offensive in Africa
October 1942: Counter-offensive in Northern Africa
Winter 1942 -1943: Soviets won at Stalingrad
July 1943: Patton’s invasion of Sicily
1942: News of the Holocaust reached America Genocide of not only Jews but of Romani, Polish and
Soviet citizens, homosexuals, the disabled, Jehovah’s Witnesses and political and religious opponents.
U.S. resisted military aid The State Department refused to let Jews enter the U.S.
St. Louis and its mostly Jewish passengers sailed from Germany to Cuba in 1939; while the US sought to find refuge for the passengers the St. Louis ultimately sailed back to Europe (Belgium)
Retreat & Reform FDR shifted priorities
from reform to the war effort and victory
Congress dismantled relief and other New Deal programs
1944 Presidential election saw Roosevelt re-nominated but with a less liberal Vice President Harry Truman
Prosperity & Production WWII ended the Great Depressions problems of
unemployment, deflation, and production 1942: the War Production Board was created to
mobilize production By 1944, the U.S.’s output was two times that of all
Axis nations combined
Chinese Americans US allied with China; helped advance Chinese American’s
legal and social position 1943: Chinese Exclusion Act repealed Many took jobs in industry or were drafted into the
military Japanese Americans
Many felt that Japanese-Americans had aided Japan in the Pearl Harbor attacks
1942: Roosevelt created the War Relocation Authority to move Japanese citizens to “relocation camps” for monitoring
Korematsu v. U.S. (1944) declared relocation constitutional
African-Americans Many wanted to use the war to improve conditions A. Philip Randolph sought to integrate the workforce FDR created FEPC; later CORE would combat
discrimination using popular resistance Native Americans
Some served in the military as “Code Talkers” Some left the reservation for work
Mexican Americans Labor shortages saw a large influx of Mexican
immigration 1943: “Zoot-suit riots” in Los Angeles
Women & Children Women began to work in
factories as men wen to war; inequalities still existed
Some worked in the service sector, others worked in heavy industry
Over 1/3 of teenagers began to work
Liberation of France 1944: Allies bombed Germans; reduced their
production and complicated their transportation June 6, 1944: Eisenhower ordered invasion of
Normandy (D-Day) May 8, 1945: Germans fully surrendered (V-E Day)
The Pacific Offensive June 1944: US defeated Japanese navy The Japanese continued to fight in February 1945
(Iwo Jima) and in June 1945 (Okinawa)
Atomic Warfare Manhattan Project: the discovery of uranium
radioactivity by Enrico Fermi in the 1930s and the evacuated Jewish physicist Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity helped America beat the Nazis in the race to create an atomic weapon
July 16, 1945: the plutonium bomb Trinity created by Robert Oppenheimer was successfully tested
President Truman issued an ultimatum for Japanese “unconditional surrender” by August 3
August 6, 1945: Hiroshima; 80,000 killed August 8, 1945: Nagasaki; 100,000 were killed September 2, 1945 Japan surrendered (V-J Day); end
of WWII
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