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Post War Post War Issues Issues
1919-19211919-1921Ch.12 Sec Ch.12 Sec
11
From Victory to From Victory to ReconversionReconversion
How will How will America America Adjust to Adjust to the massive the massive changes of changes of the post-the post-war world?war world?
Ch 12 Sec 1 America struggles Ch 12 Sec 1 America struggles with Post-War Issueswith Post-War Issues
What was the reaction in the What was the reaction in the US to the perceived threat of US to the perceived threat of communism or radical ideas?communism or radical ideas?
What were the causes and What were the causes and effects of the quota system?effects of the quota system?
What were some postwar What were some postwar conflicts between labor and conflicts between labor and management? Why did they management? Why did they occur?occur?
Post War SituationPost War Situation US Exhausted After WWIUS Exhausted After WWI US Divided over the League of US Divided over the League of
Nations IssueNations Issue Progressive Era brought major Progressive Era brought major
changes to American Lifechanges to American Life Economic Adjustments, Economic Adjustments,
Returning Soldiers, and StrikesReturning Soldiers, and Strikes Cost of Living Doubled, Cost of Living Doubled,
InflationInflation Decline in Farm/Factory OrdersDecline in Farm/Factory Orders
Postwar TrendsPostwar Trends American response to stress American response to stress and post-war struggles: and post-war struggles: Fear!Fear!NativismNativism – A prejudice – A prejudice against foreign-born against foreign-born people," You could not be people," You could not be 100% American!”100% American!”
Isolationism Isolationism – a policy of – a policy of pulling away from pulling away from involvement in world involvement in world affairs.affairs.
Communist FearsCommunist Fears CommunismCommunism – –
an economic an economic and political and political system based system based on single party on single party government government ruled by a ruled by a dictatorship. dictatorship. Gov. owns all Gov. owns all property.property.
Lenin, USSR Lenin, USSR 19171917
The Red Scare in the USThe Red Scare in the US The Panic began in 1919 after The Panic began in 1919 after
Lenin’s Bolsheviks over threw the Lenin’s Bolsheviks over threw the Czar and the Provisional Gov. and Czar and the Provisional Gov. and created the USSRcreated the USSR
70,000 joined the Communist 70,000 joined the Communist party of the US, some from the party of the US, some from the IWW or “Wobblies”IWW or “Wobblies”
Mail bombs were mailed to gov. Mail bombs were mailed to gov. and business leaders, including and business leaders, including Att.Gen.A. Mitchell PalmerAtt.Gen.A. Mitchell Palmer
Palmer and J. Edgar Palmer and J. Edgar HooverHoover
The Palmer RaidsThe Palmer Raids Att. Gen. Mitchell A. PalmerAtt. Gen. Mitchell A. Palmer
appointed J.Edgar Hoover as a appointed J.Edgar Hoover as a special assistant to hunt down special assistant to hunt down suspected Communists, Socialists, suspected Communists, Socialists, Anarchists and Radicals.Anarchists and Radicals.
They trampled civil rights, invaded They trampled civil rights, invaded homes, halls, and offices offered homes, halls, and offices offered no legal counsel and deported no legal counsel and deported hundreds. (SS Buford) “Soviet Ark”hundreds. (SS Buford) “Soviet Ark”
No Conspiracy was found. Palmer No Conspiracy was found. Palmer was discredited. was discredited.
Sacco and VanzettiSacco and VanzettiFamous Victims of the Famous Victims of the Nativist Attitude in the Nativist Attitude in the USUS
Sacco and VanzettiSacco and Vanzetti Sacco was a shoemaker, Vanzetti a Sacco was a shoemaker, Vanzetti a
fish peddlerfish peddler Both were Italian immigrants and Both were Italian immigrants and
anarchistsanarchists Both evaded the draft during WWIBoth evaded the draft during WWI In May 1920 both were arrested and In May 1920 both were arrested and
charged with robbery and murder in charged with robbery and murder in Mass. The evidence was Mass. The evidence was circumstantial.circumstantial.
Both were sentenced to death, Both were sentenced to death, Protests beganProtests began
Both were electrocuted on Aug. 1927Both were electrocuted on Aug. 1927
Nativism and the KKKNativism and the KKK Red Scare, Anti-immigrant Red Scare, Anti-immigrant
feelings, and anti-communism feelings, and anti-communism gave bigots an excuse to gave bigots an excuse to harass anyone different from harass anyone different from themselvesthemselves
By 1924 membership in the By 1924 membership in the KKK reached 4.5 million who KKK reached 4.5 million who claimed to be 100% Americanclaimed to be 100% American
The harassed Blacks, Catholics, The harassed Blacks, Catholics, Jews, and ImmigrantsJews, and Immigrants
The Quota SystemThe Quota System From 1919 – 1921 the number of From 1919 – 1921 the number of
immigrants had grown from immigrants had grown from 141,000 to 805,000 people.141,000 to 805,000 people.
The Emergency Quota Act of The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 set up the quota system1921 set up the quota system
It set a maximum number that It set a maximum number that could enter the US by countrycould enter the US by country
It discriminated against Eastern It discriminated against Eastern and Southern Europeans, mainly and Southern Europeans, mainly Catholics and JewsCatholics and Jews
A Time Of Labor UnrestA Time Of Labor Unrest In 1919 there were some 3,000 In 1919 there were some 3,000
strikes in which 4 million strikes in which 4 million workers walked off the job.workers walked off the job.
Striking Workers were labeled Striking Workers were labeled as Communists or radicalsas Communists or radicals
Inflation was high yet Inflation was high yet employers wanted to keep employers wanted to keep wages downwages down
Major Strikes caught Major Strikes caught Americans attentionAmericans attention
The Boston Police StrikeThe Boston Police Strike Boston Police were given no Boston Police were given no
raise and could not unionizeraise and could not unionize The police went on strike The police went on strike
looting occurred, Gov. Calvin looting occurred, Gov. Calvin Coolidge called out the Coolidge called out the National GuardNational Guard
New Police were hired, and New Police were hired, and Coolidge gained recognitionCoolidge gained recognition
Should Public Services Should Public Services industries go on strike?industries go on strike?
Governor CoolidgeGovernor Coolidge
The Steel Mill StrikeThe Steel Mill Strike In Sept. 1919 Steel Workers In Sept. 1919 Steel Workers
wanted shorter hours, higher wanted shorter hours, higher wages, union recognition and wages, union recognition and the right to collectively bargain.the right to collectively bargain.
300,000 steel workers walked 300,000 steel workers walked off the joboff the job
Strikers were beaten by police, Strikers were beaten by police, federal troop and state militias.federal troop and state militias.
An 8- Hour workday was An 8- Hour workday was granted, but no Union granted, but no Union recognition.recognition.
Steel Strike 1919Steel Strike 1919
The Coal Miners StrikeThe Coal Miners Strike In 1919 the United In 1919 the United
Mine Workers (AFL) Mine Workers (AFL) protested long work protested long work days and low wagesdays and low wages
Union Leader John Union Leader John L. Lewis defined a L. Lewis defined a court order to keep court order to keep the strike goingthe strike going
Arbitration yielded Arbitration yielded a 27% pay increase a 27% pay increase for the miners, yet for the miners, yet their workday their workday remained the same.remained the same.
18 Strikers Killed18 Strikers Killed
Labor Movement Loses Labor Movement Loses AppealAppeal Union membership drops from 5 Union membership drops from 5
mil to 3.5 milmil to 3.5 mil Immigrants were willing to work Immigrants were willing to work
in poor conditionsin poor conditions Language barrier made it difficult Language barrier made it difficult
to unionize immigrant workersto unionize immigrant workers Most Unions excluded African Most Unions excluded African
AmericansAmericans In the mid to late 1920’s a good In the mid to late 1920’s a good
economy makes people less likely economy makes people less likely to join unionsto join unions
