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Cells! Who wants some?!
Not that type, but this kind…
A cell is the basic unit of life
But first, a brief history of the cell…Robert Hooke, an Englishman, was looking at cork through a basic microscope and saw tiny chambers which he called “cells”. This occurred in 1665.
Close to the same time, a Dutch tradesman, named van Leeuwenhoek (LEE-van-hook) used a microscope to observe living, one-celled creatures in drinking water. Yum. He called them “animalcules”.
More observations…• Finally in the 1800’s, after the scientific community observed
and recorded cell activities, they concluded this-The Cell Theory:
1) Living things are composed of cells.
2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function of living things.
3) Cells come from other cells
Cell Theory and Discovery
• Cell Discovery
• Many scientists contributed to the discovery of cells and the cell theory.
Cells … cork Looked like rooms in a monastery.
1665
2) ‘animalcules’1) Improved lens 1674
1676
16833) Discovered bacteria
Plants made of cells1838
Animals made of cells
Cells come from cells1855
1839
PRO – NO - Prokaryotic
EU – TRUE - Eukaryotic
NONO Nucleus
EUEU it’s truetrue they DODO have a nucleus
Prokaryotes
These fellahs, despite their simplicity, carryout activities like any other living creature; in fact, they grow, reproduce, respond to their environment and can move. They are older and smaller than Eukaryotes.
The Prokaryotes• Generally smaller and simpler than eukaryotes• Key: have genetic material that is not contained
in the nucleus• Less “complicated” than eukaryotes but still
carry out all aspects of “life”• Do not have membrane-bound organelles such
as mitochondria, ER, Golgi-bodies, etc.• Bacteria are prokaryotes
Some Prokaryotic Examples
EukaryotesThese contain internal structures wrapped in a membrane. Think: tiny organs, or, organelles.
Some eukaryotes live as single-celled organisms; others form large, multicellular organisms like plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
My Friends the Eukaryotes• You are made of Eukaryotic cells!!!• Usually contain dozens of structures and
internal membranes• Key: Contain a nucleus in which genetic
material is separated from the rest of the cell
• Can be highly specialized• Much larger and more complex than
prokaryotes• Can be single celled or multicellular:
humans, hamsters, venus fly traps, etc.
Some of our Eukaryotic friends
Cell Types
What is an organelle
• Membrane bound structure that has a specific function or job to do in eukaryotic cells
• They’re not in Prokaryotes! (bacteria)• Plant cells have an organelle that
animals don’t• Animals have one organelle plants
don’t.
Plant vs Animal
VS
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Nucleus
• Control Center• Contains nearly all DNA – instructions for making
proteins and other important molecules• Surrounded by nuclear envelope/membrane
– Dotted with nuclear pores = stuff in and out
• Key processes:Controls metabolism of cell, control
Cell division, proteinsynthesis
Chromosome
• (The Data) … all the directions
• (DNA)
Nucleolus
• Nucleolus – small dense region inside nucleus. Ribosomes are made here.
Endoplasmic Reticulum• Transportation• Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum (RER)– Covered in ribosomes (rough)– Makes and transports proteins,
especially membrane proteins• Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum (SER)– Synthesis (make) of membrane
lipids– Contain enzymes that can
detoxification of drugs – Liver has lots of SER’s
Notice how the E.R. is attached to the nucleus …. Like the ‘hallways’
Smooth and Rough ER
Key process: Transportation of molecules
Ribosomes!
• Protein Factory• Proteins are assembled on these organelles by
following coded instructions from the nucleus
Key process: Proteinsynthesis
review!
Nucleus
Nuclear Pores
Nuclear Envelope
ER
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus• Packaging Center• Modify, sort, and package proteins and other
materials from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage or secretion.
Key processes: Packaging and sorting of proteins
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/vesiclebudding.html
http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp04/0402002.html
Mitochondria
• Power House• Convert chemical energy stored in food to a
form a cell can use (ATP) during the process of cellular respiration.
• Contain own ‘Mitochondrial DNA’
• Has double membrane
Key process: Cellular respirationC6H12O6 + O2 H2O +CO2 + ATP
Chloroplast• Food Factory • Only in plants – Contains chlorophyll• Captures energy from the sun and converts it into chemical
energy by a process called photosynthesis • 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (from sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Key process: Photosynthesis
Glucose
Plastids - Chloroplasts, Chromoplasts and Leucoplasts
• Chromoplasts contain carotenoids that give flowers, fruit and autumn leaves their orange, yellow and red colors.
•Leucoplasts store starch and other molecules for the cell. Many in potato cells.
Process - Storage
Mitochondria/Chloroplasts• These two utilize energy from food and the sun
respectively and convert it into energy the cell can use.
Cytoskeleton• Cell Framework• A network of protein filaments
that helps the cell to maintain its shape
Process = support
Vacuoles• Storage Facility• Plants have big vacuoles, animal cells many small vacuoles.
• Store materials like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
• In plants, there is a large vacuole which helps with maintaining pressure (turgor pressure)– Allows plant to support heavy
loads like leaves and branches
Lysosome
• Waste Management• In animal cells ONLY• Have enzymes used to break down lipids,
carbohydrates, and proteins • breaking down old organelles – even old cells can be
broken down in a process called autolysis. • Sometimes called suicide sacs. Process - Digestion
Cell boundaries aka cell membrane• Cell membrane regulates what enters/leaves the cell.
Process - Osmosis
2 Layers of phosholipids studded with proteins = “fluid mosaic model”
http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/memb.htm
Cell Wall• Castle Wall• Only in Plant Cells• Provides support an protection for cell• Mostly made of cellulose
– Cellulose is the key component of wood and paper
Process = Support And protection
Centrioles
Only in animal cells.Plays a role during cell division.Assist in the making of cilia and flagella.
Process – Cell division
Come on baby let’s do the locomotion……
• Cilia • Flagella
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Compare an Animal and Plant cell using the following:Cell membrane, Nucleus, ER, Mitochondria, Centrioles, Vacuoles, Golgi body, Plastids, Ribosomes, Cell wall, Lysosome
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