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Case Study on Coastal wetlands. Françoise Breton (ETC-TE) Expert meeting on Land use and ecosystem accounting 18-19 May 2006. Index. 1.Wetlands and the coast 2.Wetland accounting : main objectives 3.Wetland diagnosis. Main symptoms Crucial limits (Global) Local limits - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Case Study on Coastal wetlands
Françoise Breton (ETC-TE)
Expert meeting on Land use and ecosystem accounting
18-19 May 2006
Index
• 1.Wetlands and the coast
• 2.Wetland accounting : main objectives
• 3.Wetland diagnosis. Main symptoms– Crucial limits (Global)– Local limitsmarkers
• 4.Wetland functions (Goods and services). How to orient land use accounting– Suporting primary production– Provisioning– Regulating: climate and floods/desease regulation
• 5. Accounting for wetlands: some directions
1.Wetlands and the coast
The state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe
Updated from ETC/TE 2005 deliverable (version 2.1) prepared by:
Françoise Breton (Project coordinator),
Carlota Montori & Aleix Canalís (UAB), Alejandro Iglesias (JdA)
With collaborations from Oscar Gomez, Roger Milego and Ferran Pàrramo (GIS team-ETC-TE), Stefan Kleeshulte and Jaume Fons
(ETC-TE), Dominique Richard and Sophie Condé (ETC-BD), Steve Nixon (ETC-W), Sebastien Colas (IFEN), Gonzalo Malvárez (UPO)
and EU WG-ID on ICZM
EIONET comments incorporated: October 2005
English revision performed: November 2005
06 March 2006
EEA Project manager:
Andrus Meiner
An integrated assessment based on land accounting...
Between 1990-2000 wetlands have a net loss of 390 km2
Strong wetland loss in the Atlantic coast : ↑↑ artificialisation, arable land and forest
↓↓ pastures, mixt agriculture, grasslands, wetlands
-10 -5 0 5 10 15
Artificial surfaces
Arable land & permanent crops
Pastures & mixed farmland
Forests and transitional woodland
Natural grassland & semi-naturalvegetation
Open spaces with little or no vegetation
Wetlands
Water bodies
% change
Black
Mediterranean
Atlantic
North
Baltic
...urban land take and increase are more important in the 1st km
Figure 4 Change of built-up areas in 0–10 km and 0–1 km coastal zones
0
24
6
810
12
1416
18
North Sea Mediterranean Black Sea Baltic Sea Atlantic
% a
rea
% 1990 10km
% 2000 10km
% 1990 1km
% 2000 1km
Source: ETC-TE
...nature protection which is mostly concentrated on the 1st km of coast...
Figure 11 Distribution of NATURA 2000 sites in coastal zone by 1 km bands from the coastline
and in the marine 10 km zone (blue)
662686
261
150 132108 103 88 88 90 85
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Distance to the coast (km)
Nu
mb
er
of
sit
es
Source: ETC-TE and ETC-BD/ EEA. 2005, based on Natura2000 database
Other data to account for vulnérability of coastal systems
12% of the EU coastal zones are under5 m elevation and are
potentially vulnerable to the sea level rise and associated floods
The EU coastal regions (NUTS3) have140 millions inhabitants,
or 46.5% of the total polulation of the coastal countries.
2. Wetland accounting : main objectives
• Principles of health ecosystem: theory of Ecosystem Distress Syndrome
• Reflexion: Most important elements for diagnosis? relevant information?HOW TO SELECT THE MARKERS AND WHICH MARKERS FOR WETLANDS
• First diagnostic approach: probabilistic at global level– Global limits for wetland sustainability?
• Sediment availability• SLR
– Fuzzy ensembles
• Second approach: Which items to be looked at locally?– Related with life functions: disorder in the nutrient chain, capacity to fix carbon…– Disorganisation of the the ecosystems pattern: Fragmentation, change in patch
size, hydric stress, intoxication(bad functioning)– Composition in species: opportunist character, invasion of commune species,
loss of endemic species
3. Wetland diagnosis. Main symptoms (I): Crucial limits (Regional)
3.1. Sediment availability3.1. Sediment availability
Annual déficit of 100 Mt
Contribute to the erosion dynamic
The role of dams…
Dams as a barrier to sediment fluxes
Dams are signicative obstacles. 6103 big dams
are inventoried in EEA countries and fragment
rivers…
Base1900
1925195019752000
Bayside Effects
Sediment availability as a marker
Data need for the coastal interface
Freiner construction de l’urbaindiffusinfrastructures nouveaux pays et leur effet
Assurer espaces naturels tampons espaces littoraux encore non touchés +assurer continuité processus littoraux
Gérer usages de la mer et de la plateforme
Risques
• perte biodiversite,
•inondations,
•élévation du niveau de la mer,
• prevention tsunami
Securité des littoraux.
Limit territo
rial waters (4-12 nm)
Limit Exclusive Economic Zone
Base line
Territorial waters
Juridictional waters
Continental waters
Deep sea
Directive/Marine StrategyMarine sub-regions
Chemical status
1Nautic Mile WFD
Water Framework DirectiveWatershed management, water bodies
Integration of EU policies Integration of EU policies in coastal zones :in coastal zones : River River catchments, marine and catchments, marine and coastal zonescoastal zones
ICZM Recommendation
Emergent marine policies -UE
3. Wetland diagnosis. Main symptoms (II): crucial limits (global/regional)
•Scientific Basis•Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability•Mitigation
3.2. Sea Level Rise3.2. Sea Level RiseIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Assessment ReportsAssessment Reports1990, 1995, 2001, 200_1990, 1995, 2001, 200_
Wetland Loss - Negative Sediment Budget - Sea-Level Rise
Water surface: more water, less sediments
Some numbers for Spain
• In Spain : scenario 2050
– SLR expected: 4 mm/year 4/5 cm more each 10 years– Wave high: between 20 and 50 % more more erosion– Loss of beaches between 20 and 70 meters
WETLANDS will be also most affected:Ebro DeltaDoñana coastal marshesManga del Mar menor
will desappear
See: Report on Climate change in Spain, MMA
Wetlands at local scale: Basic stocks/flows accounts :
4.1.1. Inland marshes
Total 2000: 31.999 Ha
90-00: +139 Ha (56 Ha from 2.4.3.; and 83 Ha from water bodies)
4.2.1. Salt marshes
Total 2000: 865 Ha
90-00: no change
4.2.2 Salines
Total 2000: 4.978 Ha
90-00: + 54 Ha from inland marshes
No major changes INSIDE because of protection statusMajor changes around, land wards & seawards (SLR) Importance of contextual system & connectivity.
Counts of distress symptoms: some markers for Doñana diagnosis. Ecosystem integrity/diversity (lo cal)
• Birds – Wetlands with water in summer (al least 50 cm water depth)– Salination
presence of flamingos
Doñana context: Green background and protection intensity
Legend
naturilis
Value
0 - 0
0 - 0
0 - 0
511
512
213
411
412
421
422
423
521
522
s5_ebg
Value
0 - 21
22 - 43
44 - 66
67 - 87
88 - 100
Counts of distress symptoms: some markers for Doñana diagnosis. Ecosystem integrity/diversity(local+ regional)
• Over exploiting of ground water aquifers
In agriculture areas around Doñana excessive amounts of water have been/are extracted to cater for the tourist industry and irrigation, specially for cotton and rice– Stats on water consumption
•Toxic cyanobacteria/algae bloom (inside Doñana)
high bird mortality. Monitoring. Related with intensive
agriculture inputs around Doñana.
•Exotic species
monitoring of exotic species in diff. Sites in and around Doñana (in grids)
Marker for diagnosis: Wetlands temperature (building pressure)
• Wetlands temperature . Smoothing
Ebro Delta context: Green Background & protection intensity
Legend
naturilis
Value
0 - 0
0 - 0
0 - 0
511
512
213
411
412
421
422
423
521
522
s5_ebg
Value
0 - 21
22 - 43
44 - 66
67 - 87
88 - 100
4.Wetland functions (Goods and services). How to orient land use accounting ?
Ref to Millennium Ecosystem Assessment:
Supporting primary production
Shallow water seagrass beds are vanishing• Seagrass beds are in decline around the world, scientist Frederick
Short says. With these underwater meadows also commercially valuable shellfish and fish, waterfowl and other wildlife are disappearing,while water quality declines and erosion prevention decreases.
• Seagrass beds serve as protective nurseries for juvenile fish and shellfish, a habitat for many marine species, and a feeding ground for predatory fish, waterfowl and large sea creatures like manatees and sea turtles. According to Short the disappearance of seagrass beds will have a major impact.
• Fishing communities are threatened in their existence.See: www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2006/2006-03-28-03.aspwww.seagrassnet.orgdata on shallow water benthic communities (IFREMERproject) - Catches statistics
Provisioning
To ta l a re a : 5 .8 0 0 sq .km
Legend
Restoration areas: 15,025 ha
Agriculture: 39,974 haFishculture: 35,967 ha
Forestry: 6,442 ha
POLDERS: 97,408 haNATURAL AREAS: 482,592 ha
TULCEA
Ukraine
(courtesy Danube Delta National Institute)
Inserting in grid:
•Agricultural stats
•Aquaculture stats
•Forestry stats
•Frequentation stats
•Tourism, hunting, recreational fishing…
Regulating climate and floods
exposition sensibility adaptationcapacity
(wetlands as buffer zones)
impacts
Vulnerability (settlements + populations)
12% of EU coastal zones have less than 5 m elevation and are potentialy vulnerable to Sea Level Rise and associated floodings
Statistics on capital & human at risk/scenarios
Example of Louisiana Hurricane Katrina (Sept.2005)
Wetland buffer . Better that?
…or that?
-Insurance statistics for estimate value goods, infrastructures and people loss
-flood events (places and water levels)
Desease regulation
Restoration of wetlands is key to reducing future threats of avian flu• Restoring tens of thousands of lost and degraded wetlands could go a
long way towards reducing the threat of avian flu pandemics a new report published on April 11th says.
• The loss of wetlands around the globe is forcing many wild birds onto alternative sites like farm ponds and paddy fields, bringing them into direct contact with chickens, ducks, geese, and other domesticated fowl. Close contact of wild birds and poultry species is believed to be a major cause behind the spread of avian influenza.
• The report has been commissioned by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) from a team led by leading Canadian academic Dr David Rapport.
www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=475&ArticleID=5255&l=en
-routes and number of migrating birds- Stocks of wetlands and main areas of bird habitats (winter/summer)- Agriculture and poultry raising areas near wetlands (tº)
5. Accounting for wetlands: some directions
• How many, how much? (land cover units, small ecosystems, rivers, biomass, water...) At the face of global change (sediment availability/SLR) At local scale
• In which state/health? (¤ homeostasis ¤ resilience ¤ modification process with no return ¤ collapsus) (global first/local)
• Which supply of goods and services? (availability and use) (local first/global)
• What are the stresses and stressors? (the responsible sectors) (global first/local)
• Wealth and other values, the Natural Capital
CLC as common reference
Scale matters!
Corine land cover as a common reference
CLC2000CLC2000
Wetlands in Corine land cover
Legend
Land uptake by urban
Value
0 - 2
2 - 5
5 - 100
Inland marshes
Peat bogs
Salt marshes
Salines
Intertidal flats
Water courses
Water bodies
Coastal lagoons
Estuaries
NB:• Rice fields can be isolated as well and added to the list above• CLC maps landscape units > 25 ha and broder than 100 m small wetlands can be found in other CLC classes, in particular in mosaics of agricuture and nature
CLC EUNIS Habitat Directive Annexe 12.1.3. Rice fields l1 Arable land & market garden
E1E2E3 6410, 6420, 6440, 6450 Wet grasslandE4E5E1E2E3 Wet grasslandE4E5E6
B1
1610, 1640, 2110, 2120, 2130, 2140, 2150, 2160, 2170, 21A0, 2210, 2220, 2230, 2240 Coastal dunes and sandy shore
B2C3 Litoral zone of inland surface water bodiesE1C3 Litoral zone of inland surface water bodiesD2 Valley mires, poor fens and transition miresD4 Base-rich fens and calcareous spring miresD5 Reed beds without free standing water
4.1.2.Peat bogs D1 7110, 7120, 7130 Blanket bogs D2 7140, 7150, 7160 Valley mires, poor fens and transition miresD3 7310, 7320 Aapa, palsa and poligon miresA2 1310, 1320, 1330, 1410, 1420, 1630 Litoral sedimentD6 1310, 1340, 1410 Inland saline and brakish marsehes and reedbeds
4.2.2.Salines J5 Artificial man made waterA1A2 1140, 1610, 1620, 1630 Litoral sedimentC2 3210, 3220, 3260, 3280, 3290 Surface running waterC3 3220, 3270 Litoral zone of inland surface water bodiesJ5 Artificial man made waterC1 3110, 3120, 3130, 3140, 3150, 3160, 3180 Standing watersC3 3170 Litoral zone of inland surface water bodiesJ5 Artificial man made waterX02 1120, 1150 Saline coastal lagoonsX03 1150 Brakish coastal lagoons
5.2.2.Estuaries X01 1130 Estuaries
2.3.1. Pastures
3.2.1.Natural grassland
3.3.1.Beaches, dunes, sand
4.1.1.Inland marshes
5.2.1. Coastal lagoons
4.2.1.Saltmarshes
4.2.3.Intertidal flats
5.1.1.Water courses
5.1.2.Water bodies
Selection of CLC classes for wetlands
• 2.1.3 Rice fields (good extraction of rice fields in CLC)• 4
– 4.1.1 Inland marshes– 4.1.2 peat bogs– 4.2.1 Salt marshes– 4.2.2 Salines – 4.2.3 Intertidal flats
• 5– 5.1.1 Water courses (?)– 5.1.2 Water bodies– 5.2.1 Coastal lagoons– 5.2.2 Estuaries– 5.2.3 Sea and ocean (NO)
Global Counts of wetland integrity
Wetcoastlis: Coastal wetland intensity
versus wave high previsions
versus storms/surge previsions
Coastal wetland intensity
versus nature protection intensity
versus urban and agriculture (wetland temperature)
Regional accounts: Example
-Impacts to 2025 -Impacts to 2095
http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/publications/impacts/sealevel/maps/maps.html
Ongoing studies in New Jersey:
Elements of diagnosis : markers. Extreme vulnerability of the system : Urban sprawl in the province of Venice, 1990-2000, cells of 1 km x 1 km – wetlands in the background:
Legend
Land uptake by urban
Value
0 - 2
2 - 5
5 - 100
Inland marshes
Peat bogs
Salt marshes
Salines
Intertidal flats
Water courses
Water bodies
Coastal lagoons
Estuaries
Wetlands
Net Change in Land Cover % of initial year
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 Artificial surfaces
Arable land &permanent cropsPastures & mixedfarmlandForests and transitionalwoodlandNatural grassland &semi-natural vegetationOpen spaces with littleor no vegetationWetlands
Water bodies
Despite possible threats from sea level rise and the permanent ecological problems of the lagoon due to agriculture eutrophication surpluses, urban and infrastructures development has continued in the province of Venice.
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