Case Study of Military Rules in Pakistan

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Case Study of Military Rules in Pakistan

Military coup in Pakistan began in 1949 but the military coup attempt failed . In 19! "

the military coup attempt has been attempt once again and this time the military succeeded .

Ma#or $eneral Iskander Mir%a has become the first president of Pakistan after successfully

sei%ed po&er from the go'ernment of Prime Minister (ero% )han *oon . +e appointed

commander in chief " ,yub )han as the chief martial la& administrator . -n / -ctober "

Iskander Mir%a has resigned as the President and ,yub )han has taken the place . ,fter 

 becoming the President of Pakistan " ,yub )han has e0iled Iskander Mir%a to ondon 2ngland

on / *o'ember . ,yub )han has combined the offices of president and prime nminister and

makes both as the head of state and go'ernment . +e has formed a cabinet kno&n as technocrat

&hich consist of technocrats " diplomats and military officers . 3hese also include ,ir Marshall

,sghar )han and ulfikar ,li 5hutto &hich is the future Prime Minister of Pakistan .

3he second successful military coup in Pakistan happened on 6uly 4 " 19// . 3he code7

name for the military coup de tat is operation fair play . 3his military coup d8etat &as conduct at

midnight led by the Pakistani military army chief $eneral ia7l7+a: against the go'ernment of 

Prime Minister ulfikar ,li 5hutto . 3he army chief $eneral ia7l7+a: has ordered his army to

arrest 5hutto " his ministers and other leaders of both the Pakistan People8s Party and the

Pakistan *ational ,lliance . ,fter the arrest " army chief $eneral ia7l7+a: . 3his coup de tat

actually endorsed by the nited States under the administration of S President 6immy Carter .

3he CI, also in'ol'ed in this operation . 3heir function is co'ertly spread discontent and the

opposition against the go'ernment . $eneral ia7l7+a: took o'er the po&er from and ended the

go'ernment of Pakistan Peoples Party " instigating the campaign of religious terror on it

supporters . $eneral ia has established and placed the military go'ernment that lasted ele'en

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years but marked by numerous human rights 'iolations. , &eak insurgent mo'ement against

$eneral ia;s go'ernment &as maintained inside the country by peoples &ho sympathetic to the

former 5hutto go'ernment but they met &ith great hostility from the nited States and $eneral

ia .

3he last military coup happen on the year of 1999 . 3his coup &as   bloodless coup

d;<tat in &hich the Pakistan ,rmy and Chief of ,rmy Staff  and Chairman of the 6oint Chiefs of 

Staff Committee $eneral Per'e% Musharraf  o'erthre& elected Prime Minister   *a&a% Sharif  and

his e0isting elected go'ernment . -n 1 -ctober 1999" Sharif replaced Musharraf &ith Inter7

Ser'ices Intelligence =irector7$eneral ieutenant7$eneral iauddin 5utt as Chief of ,rmy Staff 

&hile Musharraf &as return back from Sri anka to )arachi" Pakistan . Sharif has ordered the

commercial airline on &hich Musharraf &as in it to not land in Pakistan airspace e'enthough the

airplane did not ha'e a sufficient amount of fuel to do so . 3he Pakistan ,rmy heard about the

order and sei%ed the control to&er  at the )arachi airport in order to allo&ed the plane to land"

and beginning the coup d;<tat . -n 14 -ctober 1999" t&o days after the coup" Musharraf declared

a state of emergency and enforce a Pro'isional Constitutional -rder  . , large number of #ustices

refused to take oath under the Pro'isional Constitutional -rder . Syed afar ,li Shah" a member 

of the suspended *ational ,ssembly has filed the first legal challenge against the coup in the

Supreme Court of Pakistan on 1 *o'ember 1999 . In his challenge " he re:uested the court to

declare the military coup as >illegal and unconstitutional? . +e also &anted the restoration of 

Sharif8s go'ernment " *ational Parliament and four pro'ince assemblies that &ere suspended . ,

similar appeals also &as filed by the Pakistan Muslim eague"I:bal +aider of Muslim @elfare

Mo'ement and then by @ahabul )hairi &ho &as an ad'ocate . , fi'e7member bench of Supreme

Court &as constituted to hear these appeals . -n 1 May AAA" the Supreme Court of Pakistan

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declared the coup to be legal and #ustified" but also ordered that the army rules to be enforce in

Pakistan be limited to three years . 3his led Musharraf to hold a national referendum on BA ,pril

AA to protest against it . 9! of the 'oters fa'ored Musharraf" and this result e0tended his

 presidential term for another fi'e years .

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Case Study of Military rules in Myanmar 

Military rules in Myanmar began &hen the military coup de8tat &as held on March

19D . 3he military coup has been led by $eneral *e @in  &ho took control o'er 5urma

go'ernment . 3he country has been under direct or indirect control by the military since then .

5et&een 19D and 19/4" 5urma &as go'ern by a re'olutionary council headed by the general

and almost all aspects of society Ebusiness" media" productionF &ere nationali%ed or brought

under go'ernment control &hich is under the >5urmese @ay to Socialism?. 3he >5urmese &ay

to socialism?  is the combination of So'iet7style nationali%ation and central planning &ith the

go'ernmental implementation of superstitious beliefs . , ne& constitution of the Socialist

Republic of the nion of 5urma &as enforce in 19/4 until 19!! . 3he country &as ruled as

a one7party system &ith the $eneral and other military officers resigning and ruling through

the 5urma Socialist Programme Party E5SPPF . 5urma became one of the most poor country in

the &orld .

3here &ere se'eral protests against military rule during the *e @in years and these &ere

almost al&ays 'iolently suppressed by the army . -n / 6uly 19D " the go'ernment dispersed

demonstrations at Rangoon ni'ersity &hich ha'e killed 1 students . In 19/4" the military

'iolently suppressed anti7go'ernment protests at the funeral of 3hant. Student protests in 19/"

19/D and 19// &ere :uickly suppressed by o'er&helming force from the military . 3he unrest

from economic mismanagement and political oppression that led to &idespread pro7democracy

demonstrations throughout the country . Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators and

$eneral Sa& Maung e0ecuted a coup d;<tat and later formed the State a& and -rder 

Restoration Council ES-RCF . In 19!9" S-RC declared a martial la& after the &idespread

 protests . 3he military go'ernment finalised plans for People;s ,ssembly elections on B1 May

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19!9 . S-RC has changed the country;s official 2nglish name from the GSocialist Republic of 

the nion of 5urmaG to the Gnion of MyanmarG also in that year .