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Center for Excellence and Futuristic DevelopmentL&T ConstructionBuildings & Factories
Carbon Footprint Study for High rise residential
buildings in India using LCA Tool
Dr.S.Rajkumar
Center for Excellence and Futuristic Development
L&T Construction
Center for Excellence and Futuristic DevelopmentL&T ConstructionBuildings & Factories
CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE AND FUTURISTIC DEVELOPMENT
� Global Business needs
� New Technical Domains
� R&D needs for future prospects
Center for Excellence and Futuristic DevelopmentL&T ConstructionBuildings & Factories
Global Carbon Emissions
Source : BP Statistical Review of world energy
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Global Carbon Emissions
Data Based on May 2013
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Global Carbon Emissions-By Nation
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html
Based on Global
Emissions 2008
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http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/globa l.html
Global Green House Gas Emissions
BY GAS BY SOURCE
Source : IPCC 2007- based on global emissions from 2004.
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CO2Emissions- Comparison
Emissions of CO 2 –Selected Countries (2011)
Source: International Energy Statistics
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• Building construction industry consumes
40% of the materials entering the global
economy and generates 40–50% of the
global output of greenhouse gases
(Asif et al., 2011).
• Construction sector in India accounts for
22% of the direct and indirect total
annual emissions of CO2 resulting from
the Indian economy (Reddy and
Jagadish, 2003).
Construction Industry and Carbon Emissions
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Embodied carbon is the total carbon emissions related to construction materials and construction activities, and
Operational carbon denotes the emissions associated with cooling and electrical consumption of a buildi ng during its operational lifespan.
Embodied carbon is the total carbon emissions related to construction materials and construction activities, and
Operational carbon denotes the emissions associated with cooling and electrical consumption of a buildi ng during its operational lifespan.
Buildings Carbon Footprint
Carbon footprint of a building can be defined as th e carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions resulting from
construction materials, construction activities, lifespan operation andeventual demolition.
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Broad Phases of Buildings Life Cycle
Lifecycle building is designing buildings to facili tate disassembly and
material reuse to minimize waste, energy consumptio n, and associated
greenhouse gas emissions.
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Broad Phases of Buildings Life Cycle
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Life Cycle of Carbon in Buildings
Embodied carbon –• Resource extraction
• Transportation, manufacturing and fabrication of a product(typically ‘cradle-to-factory gate’).
• Can include energy used during the design and end-of-life stages
Operational carbon – Emissions from energy consumed once the building is occupied;
• Lighting,
• Heating,
• Cooling,
Construction carbon –• Construction site machinery
• Site office
• Transport
Source: https://www.gov.uk/.../10-1266-low-carbon-construction-IGT-final-report....
Center for Excellence and Futuristic DevelopmentL&T ConstructionBuildings & Factories
As defined by the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 , LCA is the compiling and evaluation of the inputs and outputs and the poten tial environmental impacts of a product system during a product’s lifetime.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
ImpactAssessment
Life cycleinventory
Life cycle steps/elements
Life cycle Phases
Global warming, Ozone Depletion, Summer Smog, Acidification, Eutrophication,
Human-Toxicity, Eco-Toxicity, Land Use, Recourse Consumption (Materials and
Energy Carriers)
OutputOutput
Input
Raw materialextraction
Production ofIntermediates
Production of Main products
Utilization Recycling, Recovery,
OutputOutput
Input
OutputOutput
Input
OutputOutput
InputOutputOutput
Input
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LCA Assessment Methods
The Life cycle Assessment methods are� TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment
of chemical and other Environmental Impacts) developed by US Environmental Protection Agency
� CML (Methodology of the Center for Environmental Studies of university of Leiden)
Two Main Approaches� Problem Oriented Approach (mid point)� Damage Oriented Approach (end point)
In the problem –oriented approach flows are classif ied-based on environmental categories to which they contribute.
Both TRACI and CML are based on Problem Oriented Ap proachBoth TRACI and CML are based on Problem Oriented Ap proach
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LCA Tool can help in
– Selection of sustainable building materials
– Vendor Selection & Decision Making
– Optimized use of Building Materials
– Optimization of Building Performance
– Environmental Product Declarations
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
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1 kg of Aluminum Extrusions
LCI – Life Cycle Inventory
EF –Emission Factors
LCIA – Life Cycle Impact Assessment
LCIA –An Example
1 kg of Steel Sections
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LCIA Calculation for Concrete
CO2 262.05 kgCO 0.63 kgCH4 0.32 kgSO2 0.34 kgNOx 0.56 kgHCl 0.007 kg
GWP
AP
EP
Emissions to air
Emissions to water
PO4 0.0000547 kg
NH3 0.0003082 kg
262.05 kg CO2 * 10.63 kg CO * 30.32 kg CH4 * 21
0.34 kg SO2 * 10.56 kg NOx * 0.70.007 kg HCl * 0.88
0.56 kg NOx* 0.130.0000547 kg * 1
0.0003082 kg * 0.33
LCI IMPACT CATEGORIES
270 kg of CO2
0.84 kg of SO2
0.07 kg of PO4
LCIA
Global Warming
Potential
Acidification
Potential
Eutrophication
Potential
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System boundary for LCA studies.
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• In recent years the typical Indian residential sector includes 2 BHK, 2.5 BHK and 3 BHK flats in a single tower and the trend is set to continue.
• The environment al impact of such types of residential developments are significant in India .
Residential Towers in India
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� Total built-up area of 67405 sq.ft. � 85% is residential flats and � 15% is basement and ground floor
Case Study – Typical Residential tower in Chennai
Total No of Floors : 11 Nos (1st to 11th Floor) + Ground Floor + Basement -1 NoEach Floor has 4 residential units
Typical Floor Plan consists of
2 BHK – 2 Nos2.5 BHK – 1 No3 BHK – 1 No
Basement & Ground Floor Plans are used for parking
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S.No Construction Specifications
1 Foundation TypeRaft Foundation, Isolated Footings & Stich Slab
2Basement & Ground Floor Wall
Reinforced Concrete of M30 Grade (Normal)
3All other Floors-Walls, Floor slab and Floor Beams
RCC of M30 Grade (self-compacting concrete)
4 Windows Single Glazed window with UPVC Frame
5 Flooring (1 to 11 Floors) Vitrified Tiles6 Sunken Toilet Floor Slabs CLSM Concrete (Controlled Low Strength Material)
7 Basement Flooring IPS Flooring with M15 Concrete
8 Terrace Roofing PCC of M7.5 Grade
Construction specifications-Residential Building
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Categorization of Building Components
The Construction materials & Construction activities are broadly grouped as following 4 categories
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Sub Structure
Categorization of Building Components
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Super Structure
Categorization of Building Components
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Interior Finishes
Exterior Finishes
Categorization of Building Components
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Scenario 1: Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC) walls
Scenario 2: Traditional Clay Brick Masonry
Scenario 3: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete(AAC) Block walls
Scenario 4: Flyash Brick Masonry walls
Scenario 5: Insulated Clay Brick Masonry walls
Scenario 6: Insulated Flyash Brick Masonry walls
Scenario 7: Concrete Block walls
Building Scenarios with Wall Alternatives
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RCC Mix Design AAC Block Mix Design
Mix design-Wall Alternatives
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Mix design of other concrete materials
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Embodied Carbon Emissions-Residential Tower
Total Embodied Carbon = 2049.68 MT of CO2Total Embodied Carbon = 2049.68 MT of CO2
Material wise
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LCA results Building components-Residential Tower
Embodied Carbon 2,049.7 MT of CO2 Primary Energy Demand =19,041,356 MJ
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Mass Contribution of Building components-Residential Tower
Total Mass = 10,738.6 MT
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Material wise Embodied Carbon emissions Contribution of Building components-Residential Tower
Embodied Carbon of Concrete
Materials = 1,483.3 MT of CO2
Embodied Carbon of Finishing
Materials = 68.89 MT of CO2
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Embodied Carbon of Concrete materials (kg of CO2 per cu.m)
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Embodied Carbon of Finishing materials (kg of CO2 per sq.m)
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Embodied Carbon of Wall Alternatives-Residential Tower Scenarios
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Comparison of Embodied Carbon for residential building Scenarios
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Reduction in Embodied Carbon emissions-residential building
Comparison with RCC scenario
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Reduction in Embodied Carbon Emissions
Comparison with brick scenario
S5-Insulated
Brick Wall
Scenario
S6-Insulated
Flyash brick
Scenario
S7-Concrete
Block Wall
Scenario
S3-AAC Wall
Scenario
S4-Flyash Brick
Wall Scenario
S1-RCC Wall
Scenario
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