Carbon Footprint Study for High rise residential buildings ...Carbon Footprint Study for High rise residential buildings in India using LCA Tool Dr.S.Rajkumar Center for Excellence

Center for Excellence and Futuristic DevelopmentL&T ConstructionBuildings & Factories

Carbon Footprint Study for High rise residential

buildings in India using LCA Tool

Dr.S.Rajkumar

Center for Excellence and Futuristic Development

L&T Construction


CENTER FOR EXCELLENCE AND FUTURISTIC DEVELOPMENT

� Global Business needs

� New Technical Domains

� R&D needs for future prospects


Global Carbon Emissions

Source : BP Statistical Review of world energy


Global Carbon Emissions

Data Based on May 2013


Global Carbon Emissions-By Nation

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html

Based on Global

Emissions 2008


http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/globa l.html

Global Green House Gas Emissions

BY GAS BY SOURCE

Source : IPCC 2007- based on global emissions from 2004.


CO2Emissions- Comparison

Emissions of CO 2 –Selected Countries (2011)

Source: International Energy Statistics


• Building construction industry consumes

40% of the materials entering the global

economy and generates 40–50% of the

global output of greenhouse gases

(Asif et al., 2011).

• Construction sector in India accounts for

22% of the direct and indirect total

annual emissions of CO2 resulting from

the Indian economy (Reddy and

Jagadish, 2003).

Construction Industry and Carbon Emissions


Embodied carbon is the total carbon emissions related to construction materials and construction activities, and

Operational carbon denotes the emissions associated with cooling and electrical consumption of a buildi ng during its operational lifespan.

Embodied carbon is the total carbon emissions related to construction materials and construction activities, and

Operational carbon denotes the emissions associated with cooling and electrical consumption of a buildi ng during its operational lifespan.

Buildings Carbon Footprint

Carbon footprint of a building can be defined as th e carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions resulting from

construction materials, construction activities, lifespan operation andeventual demolition.


Broad Phases of Buildings Life Cycle

Lifecycle building is designing buildings to facili tate disassembly and

material reuse to minimize waste, energy consumptio n, and associated

greenhouse gas emissions.


Broad Phases of Buildings Life Cycle


Life Cycle of Carbon in Buildings

Embodied carbon –• Resource extraction

• Transportation, manufacturing and fabrication of a product(typically ‘cradle-to-factory gate’).

• Can include energy used during the design and end-of-life stages

Operational carbon – Emissions from energy consumed once the building is occupied;

• Lighting,

• Heating,

• Cooling,

Construction carbon –• Construction site machinery

• Site office

• Transport

Source: https://www.gov.uk/.../10-1266-low-carbon-construction-IGT-final-report....


As defined by the ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 , LCA is the compiling and evaluation of the inputs and outputs and the poten tial environmental impacts of a product system during a product’s lifetime.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

ImpactAssessment

Life cycleinventory

Life cycle steps/elements

Life cycle Phases

Global warming, Ozone Depletion, Summer Smog, Acidification, Eutrophication,

Human-Toxicity, Eco-Toxicity, Land Use, Recourse Consumption (Materials and

Energy Carriers)

OutputOutput

Input

Raw materialextraction

Production ofIntermediates

Production of Main products

Utilization Recycling, Recovery,

OutputOutput

Input

OutputOutput

Input

OutputOutput

InputOutputOutput

Input


LCA Assessment Methods

The Life cycle Assessment methods are� TRACI (Tool for the Reduction and Assessment

of chemical and other Environmental Impacts) developed by US Environmental Protection Agency

� CML (Methodology of the Center for Environmental Studies of university of Leiden)

Two Main Approaches� Problem Oriented Approach (mid point)� Damage Oriented Approach (end point)

In the problem –oriented approach flows are classif ied-based on environmental categories to which they contribute.

Both TRACI and CML are based on Problem Oriented Ap proachBoth TRACI and CML are based on Problem Oriented Ap proach


LCA Tool can help in

– Selection of sustainable building materials

– Vendor Selection & Decision Making

– Optimized use of Building Materials

– Optimization of Building Performance

– Environmental Product Declarations

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)


1 kg of Aluminum Extrusions

LCI – Life Cycle Inventory

EF –Emission Factors

LCIA – Life Cycle Impact Assessment

LCIA –An Example

1 kg of Steel Sections


LCIA Calculation for Concrete

CO2 262.05 kgCO 0.63 kgCH4 0.32 kgSO2 0.34 kgNOx 0.56 kgHCl 0.007 kg

GWP

AP

EP

Emissions to air

Emissions to water

PO4 0.0000547 kg

NH3 0.0003082 kg

262.05 kg CO2 * 10.63 kg CO * 30.32 kg CH4 * 21

0.34 kg SO2 * 10.56 kg NOx * 0.70.007 kg HCl * 0.88

0.56 kg NOx* 0.130.0000547 kg * 1

0.0003082 kg * 0.33

LCI IMPACT CATEGORIES

270 kg of CO2

0.84 kg of SO2

0.07 kg of PO4

LCIA

Global Warming

Potential

Acidification

Potential

Eutrophication

Potential


System boundary for LCA studies.


• In recent years the typical Indian residential sector includes 2 BHK, 2.5 BHK and 3 BHK flats in a single tower and the trend is set to continue.

• The environment al impact of such types of residential developments are significant in India .

Residential Towers in India


� Total built-up area of 67405 sq.ft. � 85% is residential flats and � 15% is basement and ground floor

Case Study – Typical Residential tower in Chennai

Total No of Floors : 11 Nos (1st to 11th Floor) + Ground Floor + Basement -1 NoEach Floor has 4 residential units

Typical Floor Plan consists of

2 BHK – 2 Nos2.5 BHK – 1 No3 BHK – 1 No

Basement & Ground Floor Plans are used for parking


S.No Construction Specifications

1 Foundation TypeRaft Foundation, Isolated Footings & Stich Slab

2Basement & Ground Floor Wall

Reinforced Concrete of M30 Grade (Normal)

3All other Floors-Walls, Floor slab and Floor Beams

RCC of M30 Grade (self-compacting concrete)

4 Windows Single Glazed window with UPVC Frame

5 Flooring (1 to 11 Floors) Vitrified Tiles6 Sunken Toilet Floor Slabs CLSM Concrete (Controlled Low Strength Material)

7 Basement Flooring IPS Flooring with M15 Concrete

8 Terrace Roofing PCC of M7.5 Grade

Construction specifications-Residential Building


Categorization of Building Components

The Construction materials & Construction activities are broadly grouped as following 4 categories


Sub Structure



Super Structure



Interior Finishes

Exterior Finishes



Scenario 1: Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC) walls

Scenario 2: Traditional Clay Brick Masonry

Scenario 3: Autoclaved Aerated Concrete(AAC) Block walls

Scenario 4: Flyash Brick Masonry walls

Scenario 5: Insulated Clay Brick Masonry walls

Scenario 6: Insulated Flyash Brick Masonry walls

Scenario 7: Concrete Block walls

Building Scenarios with Wall Alternatives


RCC Mix Design AAC Block Mix Design

Mix design-Wall Alternatives


Mix design of other concrete materials


Embodied Carbon Emissions-Residential Tower

Total Embodied Carbon = 2049.68 MT of CO2Total Embodied Carbon = 2049.68 MT of CO2

Material wise


LCA results Building components-Residential Tower

Embodied Carbon 2,049.7 MT of CO2 Primary Energy Demand =19,041,356 MJ


Mass Contribution of Building components-Residential Tower

Total Mass = 10,738.6 MT


Material wise Embodied Carbon emissions Contribution of Building components-Residential Tower

Embodied Carbon of Concrete

Materials = 1,483.3 MT of CO2

Embodied Carbon of Finishing

Materials = 68.89 MT of CO2


Embodied Carbon of Concrete materials (kg of CO2 per cu.m)


Embodied Carbon of Finishing materials (kg of CO2 per sq.m)


Embodied Carbon of Wall Alternatives-Residential Tower Scenarios


Comparison of Embodied Carbon for residential building Scenarios


Reduction in Embodied Carbon emissions-residential building

Comparison with RCC scenario


Reduction in Embodied Carbon Emissions

Comparison with brick scenario

S5-Insulated

Brick Wall

Scenario

S6-Insulated

Flyash brick

Scenario

S7-Concrete

Block Wall

Scenario

S3-AAC Wall

Scenario

S4-Flyash Brick

Wall Scenario

S1-RCC Wall

Scenario


Thank You

Documents

Carbon Footprint Study for High rise residential buildings ...Carbon Footprint Study for High rise residential buildings in India using LCA Tool Dr.S.Rajkumar Center for Excellence