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Carbohydrates
• (CHO)2
• Main function: energy• Monomer:
monosaccharides (ex. glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.)
• Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose
• Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen
Lipids
• CHO• Monomers: fatty acids• Hydrophobic• Functions: energy-
storage, waterproof coverings, cell membranes, hormones
Proteins
• CHON• Monomer: amino acids• Functions: structure, movement, defense, storage,
signals, enzymes
Nucleic acids
• CHONP• Monomer: nucleotides• Functions: contain
genetic material (DNA), direct protein synthesis (RNA), act as energetic molecules (ATP)
The Cell Theory
• Every living organism is made up of one or more cells
• The smallest living organims are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
• All cells arise from preexisting cells
All cells…
• Have a limited size (plasma membrane)
• Have a: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
• Obtain energy and nutrients from the environment
Plasma membrane
• Functions:– Selectively isolate the
cell’s contents from the external environment
– Regulate substance exchange
– Communicate and attach cells
– Regulate biochemical reactions
• Fluid mosaic model
Organelles
• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– SER: lipid synthesis– RER: protein synthesis
• Golgi apparatus: modify, sort, and package proteins
• Lysosomes: digest food particles• Vacuole: contain fluid• Endosymbiotic
– Mitochondria: convert sugar into ATP– Chloroplasts: photosynthesis
• Plastids
Cytoskeleton
• Network of protein fibers to which organelles and cell structures are attached
• Functions:– Determine the shape of cells– Cell movement– Organelle movement– Chromosome movement and
cytokinesis (cell division)
Transport
• Passive transport: down a concentration gradient, without energy– Simple diffusion– Facilitated diffusion– Osmosis
• Active transport: against a concentration gradient, needs energy
• Endocytosis
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix.htm?a8emembrane
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