Carbohydrates

• (CHO)2

• Main function: energy• Monomer:

monosaccharides (ex. glucose, fructose, galactose, etc.)

• Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, maltose

• Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, glycogen

Lipids

• CHO• Monomers: fatty acids• Hydrophobic• Functions: energy-

storage, waterproof coverings, cell membranes, hormones

Proteins

• CHON• Monomer: amino acids• Functions: structure, movement, defense, storage,

signals, enzymes

Nucleic acids

• CHONP• Monomer: nucleotides• Functions: contain

genetic material (DNA), direct protein synthesis (RNA), act as energetic molecules (ATP)

The Cell Theory

• Every living organism is made up of one or more cells

• The smallest living organims are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms

• All cells arise from preexisting cells

All cells…

• Have a limited size (plasma membrane)

• Have a: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA

• Obtain energy and nutrients from the environment

Cells

Prokaryotic Bacteria

EukaryoticPlant

Animal

Plasma membrane

• Functions:– Selectively isolate the

cell’s contents from the external environment

– Regulate substance exchange

– Communicate and attach cells

– Regulate biochemical reactions

• Fluid mosaic model

Organelles

• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)– SER: lipid synthesis– RER: protein synthesis

• Golgi apparatus: modify, sort, and package proteins

• Lysosomes: digest food particles• Vacuole: contain fluid• Endosymbiotic

– Mitochondria: convert sugar into ATP– Chloroplasts: photosynthesis

• Plastids

Cytoskeleton

• Network of protein fibers to which organelles and cell structures are attached

• Functions:– Determine the shape of cells– Cell movement– Organelle movement– Chromosome movement and

cytokinesis (cell division)

Nucleus

• Function: store DNA• Parts:– Nuclear envelope– Chromatin– Nucleolus

Transport

• Passive transport: down a concentration gradient, without energy– Simple diffusion– Facilitated diffusion– Osmosis

• Active transport: against a concentration gradient, needs energy

• Endocytosis

http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_0media_bio/bioflix/bioflix.htm?a8emembrane