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C. Reimann, U. Siewers, T. Tarvainen, L. Bityukova,J. Erikson, A. Gilucis, V. Gregorauskiene, V. Lukashev,
N. Matinian & A. Pasieczna
The Baltic Soil Survey
Baltic Soil Survey
Baltic Soil Survey
COUNTRY ORGANISATION COORDINATOR
1 Belarus Academy of Sciences V. Lukashev (†)
2 Estonia Academy of Sciences L. Bityukova
3 Finland Geological Survey T. Tarvainen
4 Germany Geological Survey U. Siewers
5 Latvia Geological Survey A. Gilucis
6 Lithuania Geological Survey V. Gregorauskiene
7 Norway Geological Survey C. Reimann
8 Poland Geological Survey A. Pasieczna
9 Russia University Institute N. Matinian
10 Sweden University Institute J. Eriksson
Baltic Soil Survey
PROJECT ORGANISATION:NGU: - organisation of sampling, distribution
of field equipment, sampling instructions- sample preparation- ammonium acetate. extraction, ICP-
AES- + pH-, org.C-analyses- quality control of all results
BGR: - XRF-analyses of all samplesGTK: - aqua regia extraction, ICP-AES-
analyses- HF-digestion, ICP-MS-analyses
OTHER ORGANISATIONS: sampling in their country
Baltic Soil Survey
WHY AGRICULTURAL SOIL?
It is difficult to find a “comparable” sample material that can be collected over such a large area.
Agricultural soils are “comparable” at least in relation to land-use. All samples were taken from ploughed fields.
Agricultural soils provide a direct link to the food-chain: over 100 million people live of the agricultural soils in the project area.
Access and sampling is easy and fast.
Baltic Soil Survey
PROJECT AIM: create a comparable database of the chemical composition of AGRICULTURAL SOILS in Northern Europe
SIZE OF AREA: ca. 1.8 mill. km2
SAMPLE DENSITY: 1 site/ 2500 km2
NUMBER OF SAMPLES: TOP: 774
BOTTOM: 773
Baltic Soil Survey
Sample medium: AGRICULTURAL SOIL
2 layers: TOP: 0-25 cm (or max. ploughing depth)
BOTTOM: 50-75 cm (well below ploughed layer)
Large composite samples: 10 - 15 kg each
air dried
sieved to < 2 mm
Baltic Soil Survey
Baltic Soil SurveyANALYTICAL PROGRAM (62 elements + pH and LOI):
XRF (BG R), fuse d d isc s IC P-M S, HF-d ig e stio n
IC P-AES, a q ua re g ia e xtra c tio n IC P-AES, a m m o nium a c e ta t e xtra c tio n
H
Li Be
Na M g
K Ca Sc T i V Cr M n Fe Co Ge
T l
Baltic Soil Survey Quality control: laboratories are accredited –
no further control necessary?
Project QC: standard + duplicates: 1/20 samples.
XR F - orig ina l resu lts
Sam ple N um ber, Standard, TO P-layerSam ple N um ber, Standard, TO P-layer Sam ple N um ber, Standard, TO P-layer
Baltic Soil SurveyMANY PROCESSES CAN INFLUENCE THE
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS, e.g.:
TOWARDS DEPLETION IN THE TOP-LAYER:- - Plant uptake and removal of elements via harvesting- - Leaching of elements from TOP to BOTTOM- - Weathering rates of different minerals- - Lessivation
TOWARDS ENRICHMENT IN THE TOP-LAYER:- - Element addition via fertilisers- - Element addition via the atmosphere (e.g., pollution)- - Strong organic binding- - Bio-accumulation- - Upwards movement of elements
GEOLOGY
main domains: - European
Platform- Precambrian
basement- Caledonides
TOPOGRAPHY
TRAFFIC DENSITY
PRECIPITATION
SNOW COVER
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE
Baltic Soil Survey Differences in the median concentrations between
countries can cover an order of magnitude
Baltic Soil SurveyMost elements show about a factor of 3 difference in the median
concentrations between the countries. E.g., Cu-median Belarus: 5, Finland & Norway: 15 mg/kg
Baltic Soil Survey
Is mapping possible?
With just one sample per 2500 km2?With a lot of different processes influencing the
regional distribution of elements?
What will determine the regional distribution of the elements:
- - Bedrock geology? - Pollution?- - Agriculture? - Climate?
???
Baltic Soil SurveySi: reflects the regional distribution of Si the
geological domains?
MINERAL DEPOSITS
Baltic Soil SurveyAs: regional scale “bulls-eye” anomaly in central Sweden – certainly not pollution.
Baltic Soil Survey
ARSENICWas one of the first chemicals recognised to cause cancer – already 1879…
Evidence that natural As-concentrations in drinking water could cause skin cancer came in the 1930ies.
In the 1990ies: an estimated 36 million people in the Bengal Delta are at risk from drinking ”clean” ground water.
Baltic Soil Survey
Do we detect regional scale pollution?
Close to important smelters/metal industries, highways, towns?
Via long range atmospheric transport?Through input from agriculture (e.g. via animal
manure, herbicides, pesticides, fertilisers)?
Are natural or anthropogenic element sources more important?
Baltic Soil Survey
Baltic Soil SurveyLocal Pollution, traffic and long range transport?
Baltic Soil Survey
Baltic Soil SurveySn: is long range atmospheric transport causing the
observed patterns? Not very likely!
Baltic Soil Survey
TOP- and BOTTOM-layer show very similar results for most elements
Baltic Soil SurveyCd: pollution? Agriculture (Cd in many phosphates)? Long
range transport? Traffic (Germany)?
Baltic Soil SurveyCu: black shales (Russia), Polish Cu-industry invisible!
Agriculture (Cu added to fertilisers).
Baltic Soil SurveyP: generally enriched in TOP-layer. Input via fertilisers? Or
reflecting organic material?
Baltic Soil Survey
Phosphorus is strongly enriched in the TOP-layer.
Enriched in the TOP layer are: S (4x), Cd, P, LOI, Se, Pb, Zn, Bi, Sb, Mn (1.2x)
Baltic Soil SurveyLOI: more organic material in the soils in the Nordic countries, esp. Finland. Less
intensive agriculture, cold wet climate slows down decay of organic material.
Baltic Soil SurveypH: on average more acidic soils in the Nordic countries. Related to
more organic soils and not to acid rain.
Baltic Soil SurveySe: precipitation (Bergen), fertiliser (West vs. East Germany,
Finland), organic material (Finland), black shales (Russia)
Baltic Soil SurveyToxic to h ighly toxic
Essentia l in u ltra trace quantities,m aybe essentia l or essentia lto som e organism s
H
Li
H e
B C N O F N e
Na M g A l S i P S C l Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr M n Fe Co N i Cu Zn G a G e As Kr
R b Sr Y Zr N b Tc
C s Ba La
Fr R a Ac
H f Ta W R e O s Ir P t Au H g T l Pb At Rn
R h Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
C e Pr N d Pm D y H o Er Yb Lu
T h Pa U
R u
Se
Bi Po
Br
Sm TbEu G d
Essentia l
Less toxic
Non-toxic
SB
G a
Noteworthy concentrationsobserved in natural drinking water
No known bio logical ro le
Carcinogenic, docum ented
Carcinogenic, suspected
Baltic Soil Survey
SELECTED RESULTS (1):- Maps for 43 elements + pH and LOI will be
presented in an atlas (summer 2003).
- Large, regional scale geochemical patterns emerge, caused by a variety of processes.
- Major differences (up to a factor of 12) even for the median element concentration are found between the 10 countries.
- Agricultural soils from the three Nordic countries (Finland, Norway, Sweden) show by far the highest concentrations for many elements.
Baltic Soil SurveySELECTED RESULTS (2):
- The highest values for many heavy metals occur over granitic terrains in Sweden.
- TOP- and BOT-layer return for most elements very comparable results.
- 9 elements and loss on ignition are generally enriched in the TOP-layer:
- S (4x) >> Cd >> P > LOI = Se (1.8x) > Pb > Zn > Bi > Sb > Mn (1.2x)
Baltic Soil SurveySELECTED RESULTS (3):
- Climate and climate related factors appear to be more important than bedrock geology and/or agriculture for the observed
regional distribution patterns of the elements:
- - Weathering.- - Topography, incl. drainage conditions.- - Precipitation, incl. input of marine aerosols for
a distance of up to 200 km from coast- - Vegetation and bio-productivity
Baltic Soil Survey
Baltic Soil Survey
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