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EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry: bottled water Clemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks, Alecos Demetriades & the EuroGeoSurveys EGG project group

EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry : bottled water Clemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks, Alecos Demetriades &

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EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry : bottled water Clemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks, Alecos Demetriades & the EuroGeoSurveys EGG project group. EGG. Geochemical Atlas of Europe : 1 sample site per 5000 km 2 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

EGG: European Groundwater Geochemistry: bottled waterClemens Reimann, Manfred Birke, David Banks,

Alecos Demetriades & the EuroGeoSurveys EGG project group

Page 2: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

www.eurogeosurveys.org

EGG

Geochemical Atlas of Europe: 1 sample site per 5000 km2

The natural variation of Uranium in European subsoils covers 3 orders of magnitude

( from Salminen et al., 2005)

Page 3: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

EGGSample materials for the Geochemical Atlas of Europe:

-surface (stream) water - stream sediment-overbank sediment - Topsoil (0-20 cm)-soil C-horizon

Missing:

GROUNDWATER (impossible at reasonable cost?)

- difficult to sample (contamination issues)

- difficult to map (3D-regional distribution (aquifers))

- high local variation

- what is actually ”groundwater”?

Page 4: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

Sample storage at BGR, Berlin

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Groundwater can be bought readily sampled at the European scale

Page 5: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

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Analytical program, BGR-lab:

ICP-MS: Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr

ICP-AES: Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Sr, P, Si

IC: Br-, Cl-, F-, NO2-, NO3

-, SO42-

AFS: Hg

Titration: tAlk - HCO3- Photometric: NH4

+

Potentiometric: pH Conductometric: EC

72 analytical parameters/sample

Page 6: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

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Issues when using ”Mineral (bottled) Water” as a proxy for groundwater:

- Mineral water is NOT drinking water (EU regulations)

- Mineral water may come from non-representative, quite special and unusual aquifers

- Mineral water is sometimes treated prior to bottling (filtered, carbonated, de-ironed etc.)

- The water samples can be contaminated from well and bottling installations

- The water samples can be contaminated from the bottle material

Page 7: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

Comparison of the same bottled water sold Comparison of the same bottled water sold in glass bottles and sold in PET bottles in glass bottles and sold in PET bottles (N=126)(N=126)

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SbSb

Page 8: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

GLASS:GLASS:Ce, Pb, Al, Ce, Pb, Al, Zr, Ti, Hf, Zr, Ti, Hf, Th, La areTh, La areseriously seriously affectedaffected

Many Many others others show show indicationindications for s for leachingleaching

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PbPb

ThTh

Page 9: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

Uranium in European bottled water and tap waterUranium in European bottled water and tap waterEuropean surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586

EGG

Page 10: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

Arsenic and Vanadium in European bottled water Arsenic and Vanadium in European bottled water and tap water – and tap water – the majority of elements show a the majority of elements show a surprisingly comparable distribution in all 4 datasetssurprisingly comparable distribution in all 4 datasets

European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586

EGG

Page 11: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

A number of elements (Ag, B, Be, Br, Cl, Cs, F, Ge, I, K, Li, Na, A number of elements (Ag, B, Be, Br, Cl, Cs, F, Ge, I, K, Li, Na, Rb, Sr, Te, Tl, Zr) show a ”mineral water” specific Rb, Sr, Te, Tl, Zr) show a ”mineral water” specific enrichment (+ 1 to 2 orders of magnitude variation - brines enrichment (+ 1 to 2 orders of magnitude variation - brines and hydrothermal water)and hydrothermal water)

European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586

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Page 12: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

Some few elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) show a clear indication that Some few elements (Cu, Pb, Zn) show a clear indication that tap water and Norwegian groundwater are contaminated tap water and Norwegian groundwater are contaminated from the well installations and water piping – over the whole from the well installations and water piping – over the whole observed concentration range.observed concentration range.

European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005European surface water (blue) from FOREGS project: Salminen et al., 2005Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000Norwegian ground water (green): from Frengstad et al., 2000European tap water: this project, N=586European tap water: this project, N=586

EGG

Page 13: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

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Vanadium: young volcanic centres and basaltic rocks are clearly marked in the map.

Page 14: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

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Lithium: Hercynian Granites, Carpathian Mountain Chain, Dinarides. High values are in the range of Li-medication but deficiency may also clearly be an issue.

Page 15: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

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Conclusions

- For some few elements the water samples can be seriously contaminated from the bottle material.

- For MOST elements the data set provides a realistic picture of a likely median value and of the variation of the elements in (ground)water at the European scale.

- Natural variation is enormous for most elements, usually 3-4 orders of magnitude and up to 7 orders of magnitude were observed.

- When discussing water quality the focus on ”pollution” may be missguided.

- It may be necessary to consider element deficiency related problems more seriously.

Page 16: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

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Conclusions

Geological features that are visible in the maps include:

ophiolites (Cr, V)

alkaline volcanics and in general areas with active volcanism (Al, As, Be, F, K, Mn, Mo, P, Rb, Se, Si, Tl, V)

Hercynian granites (Al, B, Be, Cs, F, Ge, K, La, Li, Rb, Si, Sn, tAlk, Th, Ti, Zr)

deep structures (Sr)

deep sedimentary basins (B, Ba, Br, Cl, I, K, Li, Mg, Na)

Page 17: EGG: European  Groundwater Geochemistry :  bottled  water Clemens  Reimann, Manfred Birke,  David Banks, Alecos Demetriades   &

The EGG project: 38 European countries...Austria: G. Hobiger, GBA; P. Filzmoser, TU Wien; F. Koller, U. WienBelgium: I. Schoeters, W. De VosBosnia & Herzegovina: H. Hrvatovic, Geol. Surv.Bulgaria: V. Trendavilov, Min. of Environment and WaterCroatia: J. Halamic, Geol. Surv. Czechia: R. Kadlecova, Geol. Suv.Estonia: V. Petersell, L. Bityukova. Finland: T. Tarvainen, J. Jarva, GTKFrance: I. Salpeteur, C. Innocent , BRGM Germany: M. Birke, BGRGreece (& Cyprus): A. Demetriades, IGME Hungary: G. Jordan, Geol. Surv.Iceland: B. Wigum, Manvit HF Ireland: R. Flynn, Queens Univ. BelfastItaly: B. De Vivo, S. Albanese, A. Lima, U.Napoli; E. Dinelli, U.Bologna; D.Cicchela, U. Sannio; P. Valera, U. CagliariLithuania: V. Gregorauskienne, Geol Surv. Luxembourg: R. Maquil, SGLMacedonia: S. Stafilov, U.Skopje Montenegro: N. Devic, Geol. Surv.Norway: C. Reimann, B. Frengstad, R.T. Ottesen, NGUPoland: L. Smietanski, PGI Portugal: C. Lourenço, INETIRomania: A. Ion, Geol. Surv. Russia: N. Philippov, AS MineralSerbia: A. Gulan, B. Vukicevic, M.Z. Mandic, Geol. Inst.Slovakia: P. Malik, Geol.Surv. Slovenia: M. Gosar, Geol. Surv.Spain: A. Bel-lan, J. Locotura, IGME Sweden: K. Lax, SGUSwitzerland: P. Hayoz, SwisstopoUnited Kingdom: D. Flight, S. Reeder, P. Smedley, BGS; D. Banks, HolyMoore ConsultancyUkraine: V. Klos, M. Vladimirova, Geol. Surv. +samples from Albania, Belarus, Denmark, Georgia, Latvia, The Netherlands, Turkey

SEGH, Galway