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Project 3. Mycotoxin Prevention in Cereal Crops by Enhanced Host Plant Resistance Seminar, Staur Norway 16-17. August. 2004. Brian Steffenson,UM Åsmund Bjørnstad NLH. The problem: head blight caused by Fusarium fungi. Shrivelled seeds Yield and quality losses Mycotoxin contamination. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Project 3. Mycotoxin Prevention in Cereal Crops by Enhanced Host Plant ResistanceSeminar, Staur Norway 16-17. August. 2004.
Brian Steffenson,UM
Åsmund Bjørnstad NLH
The problem: head blight caused by Fusarium fungi
•Shrivelled seeds
•Yield and quality losses
•Mycotoxin contamination
The scale of the problem
$3 billion loss in the US since 1993 Among the worst crop disease
epidemics in US history Ruined many farmers and the
region’s reputation for high quality malting barley
The most serious disease of wheat In Norway, a #1 resistance priority
in wheat and oat, #2 in barley
Why Fusarium head blight (FHB)?
A side-effect of soil protection! Less/no till leaves residues to contaminate next year’s crop
Severe infection when wet weather occurs during heading
Increasing practice in Europe We need to adapt plants to the
no-till growing conditions.
How can we prevent FHB?
Resistance ! Fungicides may increase the
problem Resistance found in humid
environments like South China and Brazil
To make adapted genotypes is a long and tedious project
No completely effective resistance is known in any cereal
To identify resistance to FHB: Costly and variable field trials
Resistant spikes Susceptible
Plastic bags give humidity
Inoculation
Replace this by DNA technologies Select for
reliable genetic markers (”fingerprints”) rather than field selection
Transgenic resistance by strengthening the natural plant defenses
Resistance allele marker >
Progeny from crosses with Sumai 3
Why UM and NLH? UM: 8 faculty involved in FHB work 70 years in FHB research World leader in DNA marker
development and basic research in FHB NLH/Planteforsk: >5 faculty/
researchers, the strongest in the Nordic countries
Both have close ties to breeding implementation
Many potential interfaces of collaboration
Collaboration in cereal markers
We work on complementary sources of germplasm
UM: Very good markers in wheat based on the Chinese Sumai 3
NLH: Promising resistance in oats, UM is world leading in oat biotech
GOALS: Develop/validate/implement markers NLH-UM
Collaboration with breeders and industry NLH: Graminor, Svaløf-Weibull:
ready to implement the UM Sumai 3 markers in their wheat breeding
UM breeding programs Potential: Busch Agr. Resources
Inc., Cargill
Collaboration in functional genomics of FHB
Complexity of cereal genomes: Barley 18 x bigger than human genome, wheat 3x barley: maps very demanding
Rice can provide markers (UM work) UM: A number of genomic approches
both in host and pathogen NLH: Induced resistance by elicitors,
gene expression, expression-based markers, RT-PCR of fungal toxin genes
GOALS: To understand the basic defense system to FHB
Gene Expression Data~500,000 spots22,840 barley genes
Barley1 GeneChip
Bioinformatics Genomics: Analyze QTL and
functional data by Partial Least Squares, Dr. Harald Martens, CIGENE
Analytical methods: Replace expensive mycotoxin analyses by NIR (Dr. Roger Ruan/ Dr. Harald Martens, NLH)
Collaboration in transgenes
Express natural plant defenses more strongly
UM: Many potential antifungal genes are being tested in transgene prototypes
NLH/Norw. Crop Research Institute: transgenes which are active at the time of infection
GOAL: to develop and test transgenic lines resistant to FHB
Transgenic technologies in barley Essential clue: express the transgene during early seed development (work in Ås, Dr. S. Klemsdal)
GP-UT ltp2-ech42 ltp2nag1 S35-ech42
Transgenic Fusarium resistance
Infected control
Non-infected control
Infected transgene
Courtesy: Dr. S. Klemsdal
Collaboration in education UM: graduate program, MAST
International exchange program in agriculture at the UM
NLH: A new Post graduate program in plant biology about to be developed
Can benefit strongly from UM, one of the strongest schools in the US
Established funding sources USDA: US Wheat-Barley Scab
Initiative + USDA/NRI + NSF Minnesota Scab Initiative Norwegian Research Council +
Graminor (not sufficient for large scale functional genomic work)
Suggested funding levels 1 Ph.D. student + 1 postdoc in each
group (may work jointly/ interactively)
Field testing, mycotoxin analyses, exchange/travel, other running costs
Recommended cost levels: 3 mill NOK/4-500’ USD per year put together
Have a good crop!
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