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Blood & Endocrine Blood & Endocrine SystemSystem
Joshua TopacioJoshua Topacio
Paul LimPaul Lim
Noelani NoriegaNoelani Noriega
Justin AmadorJustin Amador
Per. 2Per. 2
What is this system and What is this system and what is its purpose?what is its purpose?
• Control system of ductless glands Control system of ductless glands that secrete hormones within that secrete hormones within specific organsspecific organs
• Hormones act as “messengers” Hormones act as “messengers” and are carried by the and are carried by the bloodstream to different cells in bloodstream to different cells in the body, which interpret these the body, which interpret these messages and act on them.messages and act on them.
• Controls height, weight, growth, Controls height, weight, growth, maturation, adaptation to stress, maturation, adaptation to stress, sexual response, reproduction, sexual response, reproduction, aging, and maintains homeostasisaging, and maintains homeostasis• Without it, there would be no Without it, there would be no
regulationregulation
• Hormones released into the Hormones released into the extracellular areas to the extracellular areas to the bloodstream, and then to the rest bloodstream, and then to the rest of the body.of the body.
ErythrocytesErythrocytes (red blood cells)(red blood cells)
• Their job is to transport oxygenTheir job is to transport oxygen
• Makes up 40-50% of total bloodMakes up 40-50% of total blood
• Red because of oxygenationRed because of oxygenation
• The average lifespan of a red blood cell is 4 The average lifespan of a red blood cell is 4 monthsmonths
LeukocytesLeukocytes(White blood cells)(White blood cells)
• Produced in bone marrow just like red blood Produced in bone marrow just like red blood cells. Also produced in thymus glandcells. Also produced in thymus gland
• They get rid of dead or dying blood cells and They get rid of dead or dying blood cells and foreign matter like dustforeign matter like dust
• Makes up a small part of bloods volume (1%)Makes up a small part of bloods volume (1%)
• Life span is about 18-36 hoursLife span is about 18-36 hours
ThrombocytesThrombocytes(Platelets)(Platelets)
• A blood cell that clogs small rupturesA blood cell that clogs small ruptures
• Cell fragments (no nuclei)Cell fragments (no nuclei)
plazmaplazma
• Its purpose is to carry blood throughout the Its purpose is to carry blood throughout the bodybody
• Made of water sugar, salt solution, and fatMade of water sugar, salt solution, and fat
• Accounts for about of 55% of bloods volumeAccounts for about of 55% of bloods volume
HematopoiesisHematopoiesis
• Hematopoiesis: The formation of blood cellsHematopoiesis: The formation of blood cells
• Begins in red bone marrow with Begins in red bone marrow with hematopoietic stem cells. When the stem hematopoietic stem cells. When the stem cells commits it will become a red blood cell.cells commits it will become a red blood cell.
• Our body makes about two million red blood Our body makes about two million red blood cells every second.cells every second.
Cell countingCell counting
• Cell counting is used to determine a persons Cell counting is used to determine a persons health.health.
• A hemocytometer is the tool most used. A hemocytometer is the tool most used.
• It can be used to determine how quickly a It can be used to determine how quickly a pathogen is growing or to prepare for the pathogen is growing or to prepare for the correct amount of medicine.correct amount of medicine.
ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis
• ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis: the process in which : the process in which erythrocytes (RBCs) are produced.erythrocytes (RBCs) are produced.- stimulated by decreased oxygen in - stimulated by decreased oxygen in circulation.circulation.- detected by kidneys.- detected by kidneys.- secrete erythropoietin hormone.- secrete erythropoietin hormone.
Erythropoiesis (cont.)Erythropoiesis (cont.)
• Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates Erythropoietin: hormone that stimulates proliferation & differentiation of red cell proliferation & differentiation of red cell precursors. It controls the rate of RBC precursors. It controls the rate of RBC formation.formation.- activate increased erythropoiesis in the - activate increased erythropoiesis in the hematopoietic tissue .hematopoietic tissue .- Hematopoietic Tissue: blood-forming tissue, - Hematopoietic Tissue: blood-forming tissue, consisting of reticular fibers & cells.consisting of reticular fibers & cells.
Clotting components and MechanismsClotting components and Mechanisms
• Coagulation: causes formation of a blood clot Coagulation: causes formation of a blood clot by a series of reactions (chain reaction)by a series of reactions (chain reaction)
• Release of biochemicals from broken vessels/ Release of biochemicals from broken vessels/ tissues tissues
Extrinsic Clotting MechanismExtrinsic Clotting Mechanism
• Blood contact with foreign surfacesBlood contact with foreign surfacesIntrinsic Clotting MechanismIntrinsic Clotting Mechanism
Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)
• Extrinsic ClottingExtrinsic Clotting• Tissues and CalciumTissues and Calcium
• Intrinsic ClottingIntrinsic Clotting• Vascular System and Vascular System and
plateletsplatelets
Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)
• Prevention: Endothelium, heparin- secreting Prevention: Endothelium, heparin- secreting cells (liver & lungs), alpha globulincells (liver & lungs), alpha globulin
• Fibrin threads grab onto or absorb thrombin Fibrin threads grab onto or absorb thrombin when a clot is forming. The bindings are also when a clot is forming. The bindings are also a prevention.a prevention.
Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)Clotting components and Mechanisms (cont.)
Structure of HormonesStructure of Hormones
• ChemistryChemistry• Range: Steroid to nonsteroids and everything in Range: Steroid to nonsteroids and everything in
betweenbetween• All organicAll organic
Steroid hormonesSteroid hormones
• Cholesterol is the baseCholesterol is the base
• Things attached to cholesterol differentiateThings attached to cholesterol differentiate
Nonsteroid HormonesNonsteroid Hormones
• AminesAmines
• Exs. Norepinephrine and epinephrineExs. Norepinephrine and epinephrine
• From amino acid tyrosineFrom amino acid tyrosine
Nonsteroid HormonesNonsteroid Hormones
• Protein hormonesProtein hormones
Nonsteroid HormonesNonsteroid Hormones
• GlycoproteinsGlycoproteins• From anterior pituitary glandsFrom anterior pituitary glands
Nonsteroid HormonesNonsteroid Hormones
• Posterior pituitary gland and hypothalamusPosterior pituitary gland and hypothalamus
Hormones ActivityHormones Activity
• Must bind to a receptorMust bind to a receptor
• Up regulation / down regulationUp regulation / down regulation
Steroid Hormones and Steroid Hormones and Thyroid hormonesThyroid hormones
• Weakly bind to plasma proteinsWeakly bind to plasma proteins
Nonsteroid Hormones Nonsteroid Hormones bondingbonding
Common 2Common 2ndnd messengersmessengers
• Cyclic adenosine monophosphateCyclic adenosine monophosphate
Common 2Common 2ndnd messenger messenger effectseffects
• Alter membrane permeabilityAlter membrane permeability
• Activate enzymesActivate enzymes
• Promote synthesis of certain proteinsPromote synthesis of certain proteins
• Stimulate or inhibit metabolic pathwaysStimulate or inhibit metabolic pathways
• Promote cellular movementPromote cellular movement
• Initiate hormone secretion or otherInitiate hormone secretion or other
PROSTAGLANDINSPROSTAGLANDINS
• Paracrine substancesParacrine substances• Powerful but rarely usedPowerful but rarely used
Can regulate cellular responses to hormonesCan regulate cellular responses to hormones
can stop adenylate cyclasecan stop adenylate cyclase
Effects:Effects:
Relax smooth muscle to smooth pathways, Relax smooth muscle to smooth pathways, contractions, influence sodium concentrations, contractions, influence sodium concentrations, regulate blood pressure, affect reproductive regulate blood pressure, affect reproductive physiology, inflamephysiology, inflame
PITUITARY GlandPITUITARY Gland
• Releases from Releases from hypothalamushypothalamus
Pituitary gland (cont.)Pituitary gland (cont.)
• Anterior pituitary Anterior pituitary hormoneshormones
• Growth hormoneGrowth hormone• Controlled by Controlled by
somatostatinsomatostatin
• ProlactinProlactin• Female: Promotes breast Female: Promotes breast
development and milk development and milk productionproduction
• Male: decreases LHMale: decreases LH
Pituitary gland (cont.)Pituitary gland (cont.)
• Thyroid-stimulating Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)hormone (TSH)• Controls secretion of Controls secretion of
hormones from thyroid hormones from thyroid glandgland
• Thyrotropin-releasing Thyrotropin-releasing hormone regulateshormone regulates
Pituitary gland (cont.)Pituitary gland (cont.)
• Adrenacorticotropic Adrenacorticotropic hormone (ACTH)hormone (ACTH)• Controls adrenal cortex Controls adrenal cortex
hormoneshormones
Pituitary gland (cont.)Pituitary gland (cont.)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormones are gonadotropins (affecting hormones are gonadotropins (affecting reproductive organs)reproductive organs)
Pituitary gland (cont.)Pituitary gland (cont.)
• Posterior pituitary hormonesPosterior pituitary hormones
• Hormones from hypothalamusHormones from hypothalamus• ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
• Causes kidneys to keep in waterCauses kidneys to keep in water
• Oxycotin (OT)Oxycotin (OT)• Antidiuretic effect and contracts uterine wall Antidiuretic effect and contracts uterine wall
musclesmuscles
Thyroid glandThyroid gland
• In neckIn neck• Follicle cells secreteFollicle cells secrete
• Thyroxine and Thyroxine and triiodothyroninetriiodothyronine• Increases metabolism rate, Increases metabolism rate,
enhance protein synthesis, enhance protein synthesis, and stimulate lipid and stimulate lipid breakdown.breakdown.
• CalcitoninCalcitonin• Lowers blood calcium and Lowers blood calcium and
phosphate ion phosphate ion concentrations (regulate concentrations (regulate calcium)calcium)
• Parathyroid hormoneParathyroid hormone• Reviewed from skeletal unitReviewed from skeletal unit
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
• Medulla: Epinephrine and Medulla: Epinephrine and norepinephrinenorepinephrine• Increase heart rate, Increase heart rate,
muscle contraction, muscle contraction, elevate blood pressure, elevate blood pressure, increase breathing rate, increase breathing rate, decrease digestive decrease digestive activityactivity
Cortex:Cortex:
• Aldosterone saves sodium Aldosterone saves sodium and excretes potassiumand excretes potassium• Helps maintain blood Helps maintain blood
volume and pressurevolume and pressure
• CortisolCortisol• Stops protein synthesis, Stops protein synthesis,
releases fatty acids, and releases fatty acids, and stimulates glucose stimulates glucose production from noncarbsproduction from noncarbs
Adrenal GlandsAdrenal Glands
• Sex hormonesSex hormones• Supplement sex Supplement sex
hormones of gonadshormones of gonads
PancreasPancreas
• Islets of langerhansIslets of langerhans• Secretes:Secretes:
• Glucagon: stimulates liverGlucagon: stimulates liverto make glucose and breakto make glucose and breakfat downfat down
• Insulin stimulates glucoseInsulin stimulates glucosestorage, and proteinstorage, and proteinsynthesis, and stimulatesynthesis, and stimulatefat storagefat storage
• Somatostatin inhibitsSomatostatin inhibitsinsulin and glucagoninsulin and glucagon
Pineal GlandPineal Gland
• Melatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotropinsMelatonin inhibits secretion of gonadotropins
Thymus glandThymus gland
• Thymosin is for immunityThymosin is for immunity
Other glands of organsOther glands of organs
• Organs of other systems (cardio, digestive) Organs of other systems (cardio, digestive) also have glandsalso have glands
• REPRODUCTIVEREPRODUCTIVE• Placenta: Estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropinPlacenta: Estrogen, progesterone, gonadotropin
• Ovaries: Estrogen, progesteroneOvaries: Estrogen, progesterone
• Testes secrete testosteroneTestes secrete testosterone
Other glands of organsOther glands of organs
• Situated at linings of stomach and small Situated at linings of stomach and small intestineintestine
• Liver: IGF for immediate growthLiver: IGF for immediate growth
• Heart secretes atrial artriuretic peptide Heart secretes atrial artriuretic peptide hormonehormone
• kidneys secrete erythropoieteinkidneys secrete erythropoietein
Control of SecretionsControl of Secretions
• Half-lifeHalf-life
• Control SourcesControl Sources
• HepcidinHepcidin• Blocks iron to hinder viruses using itBlocks iron to hinder viruses using it
• Thrombopoietin (TPO)Thrombopoietin (TPO)• Bone marrow differntiates into megakaryocytes to Bone marrow differntiates into megakaryocytes to
platelets for clottingplatelets for clotting
Control of SecretionsControl of Secretions
• Angiotensinogen precedes angiotensin to Angiotensinogen precedes angiotensin to handle blood pressurehandle blood pressure
• All of these sense hormone concentration, All of these sense hormone concentration, hormonal process, or an action hormone has hormonal process, or an action hormone has on internal environmenton internal environment
Control of SecretionsControl of Secretions
• Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary Hypothalamus controls anterior pituitary gland’s release of tropic hormonegland’s release of tropic hormone
• Nervous system keeps the hypothalamus Nervous system keeps the hypothalamus updatedupdated
Control of SecretionsControl of Secretions
• Positive and negative feedbackPositive and negative feedback
Blood TYpingBlood TYping
• DefinitionDefinition• A classification of blood based on the presence A classification of blood based on the presence
or absence of inherited antigenic substances on or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cellsthe surface of red blood cells
ABO Blood ABO Blood group Systemgroup System
Phenotype Genotype
A AA or AO
B BB or BO
AB AB
O OO
• Most important blood-Most important blood-group system in group system in human-blood human-blood transfusiontransfusion
• Based on 2 genes, one Based on 2 genes, one from each parentfrom each parent
• Found on surface of Found on surface of red blood cellsred blood cells
Rh Blood group Rh Blood group systemsystem
• Second most significant Second most significant blood-group system in blood-group system in human-blood transfusionhuman-blood transfusion
• Also found on surface of Also found on surface of red blood cellsred blood cells
• Consists of 50 defined Consists of 50 defined blood-group antigens, blood-group antigens, among which the five among which the five antigens D, C, c, E, and antigens D, C, c, E, and e are most importante are most important
• Commonly used terms Commonly used terms Rh factorRh factor, , Rh positiveRh positive, , and and Rh negativeRh negative refer to refer to D antigenD antigen
• People who have the Rh People who have the Rh factor are Rh-positive, factor are Rh-positive, and those that don’t are and those that don’t are Rh negativeRh negative
compatabilitycompatability
• ABO incompatibility ABO incompatibility occurs when people occurs when people receive a different receive a different blood typeblood type
• Rh incompatibility Rh incompatibility occurs when Rh-occurs when Rh-negative people receive negative people receive Rh-positive bloodRh-positive blood• PregnancyPregnancy
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