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All Organic Compounds (Biomolecules) contain the element Carbon!
The Chemistry of CarbonOrganic chemistry is the study of all compounds
that contain bonds between carbon atoms.
Macromolecules
Macromolecules are formed
by a process known as
POLYMERIZATION the process of converting
monomers into polymers Monomers – building
blocks of more complex molecules
Polymers –many monomers
Dehydration Synthesis Building large molecules while removing
water Joining monomers to form polymers
Four groups of organic compounds found in all living things are:
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates – composed of C, H, O
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Primary source of energy
Energy storage
Structure and support
Proper function of nervous,
digestive, circulatory and
immune systems
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)
General molecular formula
Monomer - Glucose
Carbohydrates-made by plants through photosynthesis
Different sizes of carbohydrates:
*Monosaccharides – single sugars (C6H12O6)
ex. Glucose (the most common sugar), galactose and fructose
*Disaccharides – two single sugars joined
ex. Lactose & sucrose & maltose
*Polysaccharides – 3 or more single sugars joined
ex. Cellulose (in cell walls of plants)
Starch (stored in plants)
Glycogen (stored in animals)
Lipids – C, H, Omany more carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms compared to oxygen atoms
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
The common categories of lipids are:Fats, oils, and waxes
Hormones
Steroids
Cholesterol
Waterproof coverings
Cell membrane – lipid bilayer
LipidsFunction:
store energy long term energy storage some lipids are important parts of biological
membranes (cell membrane) and waterproof coverings (cuticle on plants)
Not considered true polymers because they are small and the monomers are not repeating:
Fat – consist of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
Saturated and Unsaturated Fats
Saturated – contain maximum number of hydrogen atoms
unsaturated – contain at least one double bond
polyunsaturated – contain several double bonds
General formula for an amino acid
-NH2 is amino group
-COOH is carboxyl
-R group (different for each protein
-names always end in -ine
Amino Acids: 20 common amino acids
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
AminoAcids
Protein Molecule
Functions of proteins:
Catalysts to control the rate of chemical reactions
Structural support and movement
Transport & Communication: moves small molecules into or out of cells
Help to fight disease
Examples of Proteins: Blood protein is hemoglobin Enzymes (biological catalysts) Skin, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair,
muscle, cartilage, fingernails and toenails Antibodies
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P
Nucleic AcidsNucleic acids are polymers assembled from
individual monomers known as nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids: MonomersNucleotides consist of three parts:
a 5-carbon sugar
a phosphate group
a nitrogenous base Adenine
Thymine
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil
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