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Biomolecules
• Any molecule produced by a living organism
• All biomolecules contain Carbon
Biomolecules
• Large molecules in living cells are known as biomolecules --- “giant molecules”
• biomolecules are made by joining smaller unites called MONOMERS together to for POLYMERS
The process of joining together monomers is known as POLYMERIZATION
4 groups of biomolecules
1.) carbohydrates
2.) lipids
3.) nucleic acids
4.) proteins
Carbohydrates• Made up of carbons, hydrogen and oxygen
atoms in a 1: 2: 1 ratio
• Uses:– Main source of energy– Structural purposes
• Monomers are known as MONOSACCHARIDES
- MONOSACCHARIDES join to form POLYSACCHARIDES
CARBOHYDRATES• Sugars (fruits, pasta, bread)
• Contain C, H, O in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Used for energy
• Types: MonosaccharideDisaccharidesPolysaccharides
• The monosaccharides for carbs are simple sugars– Ex: Glucose, galactose, fructose
Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates include:• Small sugar molecules
in soft drinks• Long starch molecules
in pasta and potatoes
Monosaccharides:
Called simple sugars
Include glucose, fructose, & galactoseHave the same chemical, but different structural formulas
C6H12O6
Monosaccharides
Glucose is found in sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”
Disaccharides
A disaccharide is a double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharides
Involves removing a water molecule (dehydration)
Disaccharides
Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)Lactose (Milk Sugar)Maltose (Grain sugar)
Sucrose is composed of glucose + fructose
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
Lipids
• Made mostly from carbon and oxygen atoms– Ex. Fats, oils, waxes
• Uses:– Store Energy– Important factor in cell membranes– Chemical messengers
Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, help to insulate the body, and cushion and protect organs
Lipids contain two parts:
1.) glycerol heads
2.) fatty acid chain tails
Glycerol + fatty acid tail
• There are two types of lipids1.) Saturated contain only single bonds
Ex. Solid fat
2.) unsaturated contain double bonds
Ex. Liquid fat
Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening)
Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils)
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing”
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
Do NOT mix with water
FAT MOLECULE
Steroids
The carbon skeleton of steroids is bent to form 4 fused rings
Cholesterol is the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Estrogen & testosterone are also steroids
Cholesterol
TestosteroneEstrogen
Nucleic Acids
Store hereditary information
Contain information for making all the body’s proteinsTwo types exist --- DNA & RNA
Bases
Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
–Adenine (A)
–Guanine (G)
–Thymine (T)
–Cytosine (C)
NUCLEIC ACIDS • DNA & RNA
• Made of nucleotides: sugar + a nitrogenous base + a phosphate group
• Contain C, H, O, N & P
• Contain genetic information
• Control the activities of cells
Proteins
Proteins are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
All proteins are made of 20 different amino acids linked in different orders
Proteins are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell
ProteinMacromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
Monomers are called amino acids
Amino acids have an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)
Uses:Control the rate of reactions and
regulate cell processes.Form bones and musclesTransport substance into or out
of cellsHelp to fight disease
20 Amino Acid Monomers
Structure of Amino Acids
Amino acids have a central carbon with 4 things boded to it:Amino group -NH3Carboxyl group -
COOHHydrogen -H
Side group -R
Amino
group
Carboxylgroup
R group
Side groups
Leucine -hydrophobic
Serine-hydrophillic
Proteins as Enzymes
Many proteins act as biological catalysts or enzymes
Thousands of different enzymes exist in the body
Enzymes control the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
Primary Protein Structure
The primary structure is the specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
Amino Acid
Protein Structures
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary structure
Polypeptide(single subunit)
(c) Tertiary structure
(d) Quaternary structure
Denaturating Proteins
Changes in temperature & pH can denature (unfold) a protein so it
no longer worksCooking denatures protein in eggs
Milk protein separates into curds & whey when it denatures
Changing Amino Acid Sequence
Substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin causes
sickle-cell disease
(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin
12 3
4 56
7. . . 146
(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
2 314 5
67. . . 146