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Biological Macromolecul
es
They’re Organic!!!
What’s an organic molecule?? Compounds made up of hydrocarbons
Carbon and Hydrogen atoms!! Living/once living (YOU are Organic!)
(Not CO2. It’s a gas!!!!!)
There are four classes of biological macromolecules we
will be looking at: Proteins
LipidsCarbohydrates
Nucleic acids (This will be last)
First – Let’s Concentrate on these three!
A very, very large molecule!!
BiologicalMacromolecule
All biological macro-molecule are organic, meaning they all
contain hydrocarbons…Carbon atoms (with attached
Hydrogens!) Other elements may include Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Phosphorus and Sulfur
Macromolecules We’re
looking at
“Mono” means one
SO… a polymer is made up of many
monomers!!
Polymer Polymer AnalogiesAnalogies
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
Ladder ?
String of Pearls Necklace ?
AnswersAnswers
EXAMPLE of POLYMER
MONOMER
Ladder Each Rung
Necklace Each Pearl
Can you think of a polymer??
What monomers make it up??
ALL four can be found in food!!
Think about it!!
Look at the label to the left. 3 of the 4
macromolecules are labeled!!
1____________________
2____________________
3____________________
(0 grams in this product)
(13 grams in this product)
(9 grams in this product)
On to Our First Biomolecule!!
Carbohydrates!!
Carbohydrates
C, H, O
SIMPLE CARBOHYDRATESThey are the main source of energy for the body !
Simple sugars Monosaccharide
Glucose, for example (Yes it IS a monomer!!), is the main product of photosynthesis!!
C6H12O6 Atoms: C, H, O
COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES
Long-term storage for energyPolysaccharides made up of glucose
polymersBelow is a part of the polymer starch!!
Starch Continued
Found in: Grains (wheat, rice, corn, oats, barley) Tubers such as potatoes are rich in starch.
Cellulose** ALSO a glucose
polymer**Offers the plant
support
** Energy storage
** Makes up cell wall
** Food source for seeds and plant
bulbs
Glycogen in Animals
**A branched polymer made up
of numerous glucose
monomers
**Long-term energy storage
found in the liver
** Quickly broken down into
glucose for immediate
energy
Complex Carbs and Energy
Starches, Cellulose and Glycogen are broken down by proteins called enzymes (remember digestion in lysosomes!!??.....similar concept!)
Broken down into their monomers Glucose
Glucose is further broken down during cellular respiration in the mitochondria for energy About 36 ATP molecules of energy per each
glucose molecule!!!
Lipids
Mostly C,H and some O
STORED ENERGY Broken down for energy
They INSULATE the body to help maintain normal body temperature and they
CUSHION the internal organs for protection.
Include waxes, Oils
include steroids such as cholesterol and the sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
Anabolic steroids build muscle
They waterproof surfaces of animals, plants, and fruits- these are waxes!
THINK: Waterproof, insulate, steroids, energy, cushion…
Remember the cell membrane? PhosphoLIPID bilayer of the cell membrane? The fatty acid tails are lipids!
It’s semi-permeable, allowing only certain molecules to diffuse across the membrane to enter or exit the cell.
LIPIDS
Fat Made up of fatty acid monomers – Glycerides that have a Glycerol Backbone
(Circled) and a Fatty Acid Tail(s)
Mostly C, H with some O
TriglyceridesGlycerol Group with 3 Fatty Acid
Chains
This is a triglyceride molecule
NOW ONTO PROTEINS
They are the major structural molecules in living things for growth and repair : muscles, ligaments, tendons, bones, hair, skin, nails…IN FACT ALL CELL MEMBRANES have protein in them
They make up antibodies in the immune system
They make up enzymes for helping chemical reactions
They makeup non-steriod hormones which
THINK: Proteins= membranes, enzymes, antibodies, non-steriod hormones, structural molecules, “MEANS”
ProteinsMade up of Mostly C, H, O
and N (Some Sulfur)
Proteins
Proteins
Aside from the protein Aside from the protein found in animal sources…found in animal sources…protein can also be found in protein can also be found in fruits, vegetables, grains, fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. and nuts. (it just does not have as many amino acids)(it just does not have as many amino acids)
Hair, Skin, and Nails
Microscope View ofSkin and Nails
This is skin This is a nail
Made up of Amino Acid Monomers!!!
**Remember protein synthesis???? Transcription and translation?
**A peptide bond bonds amino acids together
**Creates a polypeptide
The shapes of Proteins Determines it’s Function
Amino Acids !!!
Ribosomes are Proteins that are Involved in Creating Proteins!!
Insulin Chemical signaler protein produced in the pancreas Causes cells in the liver, muscle, and fat tissue to take
up glucose from blood and convert it to glycogen that can be stored in the liver and muscles Diabetes is a condition when a person has high blood glucose
(blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both.
Hemoglobin A protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
**Antibodies are part of the immune system. **When something enters the body that isn’t supposed to be there, like certain bacteria, antibodies find the invader and stick themselves onto it. **White Blood cells destroy the invaders (hopefully)
Enzymes Speed up the rate of a chemical reaction (a catalyst) by
lowering the energy needed to begin the reaction (Below) Re-usable Molecule specific – like a lock and key -Example: ONLY Lactase will break down lactose. It
will NEVER break down proteins
Enzymes Lock and Key Model
Substrate
Products
Enzymes Folded specific to its function…like a lock and key model!
Lactase breaks down
lactose sugar
Pepsin breaks down
proteins
Amylase breaks down amylose
Active Site
Specific Enzyme
Starch
***** Remember That Enzymes are substrate-specific !!!!!
Simple useable sugars (product)
Protein
Lipid
Which substrate can be reduced by the enzyme??
Enzymes are affected by:
Rat
e o
f R
eact
ion
pH Affects Enzyme Reactivity
1 3 42 5 6 7 8 9pH scale
This enzyme functions in an environment that has a pH of about 4, which is acidic
The 4th type isNUCLEIC ACIDS
The types of Nucleic AcidsDNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid)
RNA (RiboNucleic Acid)
**Monomers are called Nucleotides
“DNA” is short for Deoxyribonucleic Acid **Your genetic makeup!!
“DNA” is short for Ribonucleic Acid **Works with DNA to create proteins
RNA DNA Single-
Stranded Nitrogen
bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Uracil (U)
Remember NO Thymine (T)
Ribose sugar
Double-Stranded double helix
Nitrogen bases Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), Thymine (T)
Remember NO Uracil (U)
Deoxy-ribose sugar
Remember How DNA and RNA Molecules are Involved in Protein Synthesis?? Transcription and Translation?
*DNA
*mRNA
*At ribosome
*tRNA Brings in Amino Acids
*Amino Acids form the protein (a polypeptide)
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