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Carbon
• Helped contribute to the great diversity of life due to it’s ability to form large complex molecules
• All compounds are either:– Organic – Inorganic
Organic Compounds
• Made of carbon atoms• Most matter in living things besides
water is made up of organic compounds.
• Carbon can form:– Straight chains– Branched carbon chains– Carbon rings
Bonding• When 2 atoms share a pair of
electrons a covalent bond is formed
• “Single Bond” – single line, 1 pair• “Double Bond” – two parallel lines,
2 pairs• “Triple Bond” – 3 parallel lines, 3
pairs
Large Carbon Molecules
• Monomers: small, simple molecules that build many carbon compounds
• Polymers: repeated, linked units of monomers
• Macromolecules: larger polymers
– Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins & nucleic acids
Condensation Reaction
• Monomers link to form polymers
• Type of chemical reaction
• A water molecule is released each time a monomer is added
Hydrolysis
• Reverse of condensation reaction
• Breaks down macromolecules (polymers) by adding water molecules
• Bond is broken between monomers
Energy for Life
• Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Compound that stores a large amount of energy in it’s structure
• Phosphate groups are attached via covalent bonds (very unstable)
• Every time a bond is broken energy is released.
Carbohydrates
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen• Source of energy and/or structural materials
• Monosaccharides: simple sugar, ratio 1:2:1
(CH2O)n
• Common Examples:– Glucose, Fructose, & Galactose
More Carbs…
• Disaccharides: two monos in living things combine via a condensation reaction.
Fructose + Glucose Disaccharide Sucrose
Polysaccharides: 3 or more monosaccharides
Examples: Glycogen, starch, cellulose
Lipids
• Large, nonpolar organic molecules
• Do not dissolve in water
• Store more energy per gram then other compounds due to large number of C-H bonds
Examples of Lipids• Fatty Acids: unbranched C chains,
carboxyl group attached at one end & is polar
– Hydrophilic: attracted to water– Hydrophobic: water fearing– Saturated: Carbon atom is covalently bonded to 4 atoms– Unsaturated: form double bonds with carbon chain due to not being bonded to 4 atoms.
Steroid (the lone lipid)• Composed of 4 fused carbon rings with
various functional groups attached to them
• Example: *Testosterone is a steroid compound *Cholesterol is also very
famous!!
• Three classes of lipids contain fatty acids:
• Triglycerides (1 alcohol glycerol joined to 3 fatty acids)
• Phospholipids (1 glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids, phosphate group attached to 3rd carbon of glycerol)
• Waxes (long fatty acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain)
Nucleic Acids• Large complex organic molecules that store
& transfer important info in the cell.
• Two types: DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (Ribonucleic acid)
Both consist of thousands of linked monomers called nucleotides
Proteins• Organic compounds made of:
– Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen & Nitrogen
Amino Acids: *monomers that link to make proteins
* 20 different ones that share the same basic structure
Examples: Hair, Horns, Skin, Muscles
Proteins Continued…
• Dipeptide: when 2 amino acids form a covalent bond via a condensation reaction.
•THE BOND IS CALLED A PEPTIDE BOND!!
•Polypeptidesare very long chains of amino acids
Enzymes• RNA or protein molecules that act as biological
catalysts• Necessary for any cell to function
• Substrate: reactant being catalyzed• Active site: area that allows substrate to fit in
• The environment can effect the enzyme drastically
– Examples: Temperature & pH
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