BCM 410A - lecture 1

• Drugs - ethanol

• Dwarfism

• Myocardial infarction

• Aspirin

• Drugs - ethanol

• Dwarfism

• Myocardial infarction

• Aspirin

BCM 410A - lecture BCM 410A - lecture 11

The body works at the molecular level

Molecules are organized into cells

Cells are organized into organs

Small molecules in the body

Biological macromolecules

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

BCM 410A - vital BCM 410A - vital statisticsstatistics

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410A

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410A

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410A

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410A

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

email: hrmatthews@ucdavis.edu

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

email: hrmatthews@ucdavis.edu

reviews: Tuesdays, 5:00 pm, 2428/30

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

email: hrmatthews@ucdavis.edu

reviews: Tuesdays, 5:00 pm, 2428/30

study aids: MoBy

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

email: hrmatthews@ucdavis.edu

reviews: Tuesdays, 5:00 pm, 2428/30

study aids: MoBy

lecture “slides”

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

email: hrmatthews@ucdavis.edu

reviews: Tuesdays, 5:00 pm, 2428/30

study aids: MoBy

lecture “slides”

WWW sites: http://moby.ucdavis.edu

Instructors:

Michael J. Holland

Harry R. Matthews

John W.B. Hershey

Larry Hjelmeland

Michael Hanley

Welcome to BCM 410AWelcome to BCM 410Aoffice hours: noon - 12:45 pm and

4:30 - 5:30 pm

office: room 4125 MS1A

telephone: 752-3570

email: hrmatthews@ucdavis.edu

reviews: Tuesdays, 5:00 pm, 2428/30

study aids: MoBy

lecture “slides”

WWW sites: http://moby.ucdavis.eduhttp://medtstgo.ucdavis. edu/Resource.htm

Our food is broken down to small molecules before use by the body

Organs and cells communicate through molecules circulating in the blood stream—hormones

Molecules can have dramatic effects—drugs

Energy is stored(glycogen, fat), transported (triglycerides, glucose)

used (ATP) at the molecular level.

Our food is broken down to small moleculesbefore use by the body

Organs and cells communicate through—molecules circulating in the blood streamhormones

Molecules can have dramatic effects—drugs

Energy isstored ,(glycogen, fat) transported (triglycerides, glucose)

used (ATP)at the molecular level.

The body works at the molecular levelThe body works at the molecular level

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complexGolgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Golgi complex:a structure where proteins are processed and sorted on

their way to other organelles or to the exterior of the cell.

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleusnucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Nucleus: a separate compartment containing the DNAand the processes of RNA and DNA synthesis

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrionmitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Mitochondria: structures involved in the synthesis ofATP to provide energy for the cell

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelopenuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Nuclear envelope: the membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm

Cytoplasm: the solution between the plasma membrane and the other organelles

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membraneplasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Plasma membrane: the membrane that separates the interior of the cell from its exterior

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulumsmooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum: cytoplasmic membrane structure

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Ribosomes: macromolecular complexes that synthesize proteins

ribosomesribosomes

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Pore complex: pores in the nuclear membrane that allow small molecules to pass but regulate the passsage of large molecules

pore complexpore complex

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

rough endoplasmicreticulum

vesicle

Nucleolus: a structure inside the nucleus where specific RNA molecules are synthesized

nucleolusnucleolus

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

vesicle

Rough endoplasmic reticulum: regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.) that are coated with ribosomes

rough endoplasmicreticulumrough endoplasmicreticulum

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Golgi complex

nucleus

mitochondrion

nuclear envelope

plasma membrane

smooth endoplasmicreticulum

ribosomes

pore complex

nucleolus

rough endoplasmicreticulum

Vesicle: a variety of additional structures in the cytoplasm used for storage or transport or specialized enzyme reactions, e.g. lysozomes, peroxisomes

vesiclevesicle

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Note:

plasma membrane

Cell from the pancreas

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Note:

plasma membrane

mitochondria

Cell from the pancreas

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Note:

plasma membrane

mitochondria

nucleus

Cell from the pancreas

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Note:

plasma membrane

mitochondria

nucleus

nucleolus

Cell from the pancreas

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Note:

plasma membrane

mitochondria

nucleus

nucleolus

endoplasmic reticulum

Cell from the pancreas

Molecules are organized into cellsMolecules are organized into cells

Note:

plasma membrane

mitochondria

nucleus

nucleolus

endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi complex

Cell from the pancreas

human lymphocyte

מיטוכונדריה

גופיף גולג’י

ממברנה פלסמטית

גרעין

רטיקולום אנדופלסמטי

Cells are organized into organsCells are organized into organs

hormone molecules

Cell of endocrine gland

Target cells

Capilliary network

Note 3 organ systems in picture (a):

i) endocrine gland

ii) blood stream

iii) target organ

(a)

Cells are organized into organsCells are organized into organs

hormone molecules

Neurosecretorycells

Target cells

Capilliary network

Note 3 organ systems in picture (b):

i) neurosecretory cells

ii) blood stream

iii) target organ(b)

Stimulus

Myocardial infarctionMyocardial infarction

Creatine kinase (CK) activity in the blood after a myocardial infarction

Creatine kinase (CK) activity in the blood after a myocardial infarction

days after infarction

Clinical correlate - dwarfismClinical correlate - dwarfismgrowth hormone

A defect in the pituitary can lead to inadequate production of growth hormone. Children with this disease grow very slowly but injections of human growth hormone restore normal growth.

Aspirin - a clinically valuableAspirin - a clinically valuablesmall moleculesmall molecule

acetyl salicylate

acetyl group

Aspirin - a clinically valuableAspirin - a clinically valuablesmall moleculesmall molecule

prostaglandin synthase

inflammation

Aspirin - a clinically valuableAspirin - a clinically valuablesmall moleculesmall molecule

acetyl salicylate

+ enzyme - NH2

+ enzyme - NH - CO - CH3

salicylate

prostaglandin synthase

acetylated prostaglandin synthase

Aspirin - a clinically valuableAspirin - a clinically valuablesmall moleculesmall molecule

+ enzyme - NH - CO - CH3

acetylated prostaglandin synthase

inflammation

prostaglandin synthase

+ enzyme - NH2

Aspirin - a clinically valuableAspirin - a clinically valuablesmall moleculesmall molecule

acetyl salicylate

+ enzyme - NH2

+ enzyme - NH - CO - CH3

salicylate

prostaglandin synthase

acetylated prostaglandin synthase

inflammation

• methyl groups

• hydroxyl groups

• carbonyl groups

• carboxyl groups

• amino groups

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Common building blocks for small molecules:

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Common building blocks for small molecules:

methyl groups

hydroxyl groups

carbonyl groups

carboxyl groups

amino groups

-CH3

CH3-CH2-OH

ethanol

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Common building blocks for small molecules:

methyl groups

hydroxyl groups

carbonyl groups

carboxyl groups

amino groups

-OH

CH3-CH2-OH

ethanol

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Common building blocks for small molecules:

methyl groups

hydroxyl groups

carbonyl groups

carboxyl groups

amino groups

-C=OH

aldehyde

-C=O ketone

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Common building blocks for small molecules:

methyl groups

hydroxyl groups

carbonyl groups

carboxyl groups

amino groups

O

-C-OH

-C-O-

O

-COO-

NH3-CH2-COO-+

glycine

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Common building blocks for small molecules:

methyl groups

hydroxyl groups

carbonyl groups

carboxyl groups

amino groups

-NH+3

-NH2

NH3-CH2-COO-+

glycine

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Four classes of small molecules:

• sugars

• fatty acids

• amino acids

• nucleotides

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Four classes of small molecules:

sugars

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotides

glucose

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Four classes of small molecules:

sugars

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotidesstearic acid

A hydrocarbon chain with a distinct head group, in this case a carboxyl group.

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Four classes of small molecules:

sugars

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotides

NH3-CH2-COO-+

glycine

Small molecules in the bodySmall molecules in the body

Four classes of small molecules:

sugars

fatty acids

amino acids

nucleotides

adenosine-5’-triphosphate

switch to MoBy

Biological MacromoleculesBiological Macromolecules

main chain

crosslink

branch

• Drugs - ethanol

• Dwarfism

• Myocardial infarction

• Aspirin

• Drugs - ethanol

• Dwarfism

• Myocardial infarction

• Aspirin

BCM 410A - lecture BCM 410A - lecture 11

The body works at the molecular level

Molecules are organized into cells

Cells are organized into organs

Small molecules in the body

Biological macromolecules