2.120

Process of landscape planning. ' ] . ' : ' . ; .-V '-"Understand- the natural factors and processes that

constitutes and have formed-the landscape • Understand the interaction and effect of these

factors on the landscape

• Access the possible consequences of changes on the

~ landscape • * Proposals and recommendations, so that the changes

may. either be.absorbed into the existing ecological! situation: Form the basis of a new ecological situation related to human demands I ' ' ',•

• In addition to the landscape architect, the process usually involves a team of specialists such as soilf scientists, geologists, economists.

• Result of this process is A l:andscape~P-lati or-Pol icy recommending the distribution and type of development. For example housing industry, agriculture, highway alignment and recreation.

• This process is also used to find impact of single major use on the environment

• Identification of "land suitable for one major use.

2 Marks Questions and Answers 1

UNIT I

1. What is meant by surveying? Surveying is the art of making measurements necessary

to -determine the relative positions of points above, on or beneath the surface of the earth or to establish such points.

2. What is the object of survey? The object of surveying is to collect precise information

and useful data for the preparation of a map or plan,

3. What are the principles of surveying? Principle 1 : The survey work should be carried out

from-4he-4vhc4e~to the part and not from the part to whole. Principle 2 : The length oFany l ine and the position of

important survey stations should be ascertained by at least, two independent measurements.

4. How will you classify —surveying based on instruments?

Based on instruments used the survey is classified as chain surveying, compass surveying, plane table surveying and theodolite surveying.

5. What are the instruments used for chain surveying? Chain, pegs, arrows, ranging rods, cross staff and plumb '•

bob.

6. What is the use of cross staff? Cross staff is used for setting out right angles in chain

..surveying.

7. What is meant by ranging? ;' • Ranging is the process of establishing a number of

intermediate points on a survey line joining,two stations in the field, so as to measure the horizontal distance between them.

H. What is compass surveying?

Compass survey ing is used to measure bearing of any survey line w i th reference to the magnetic north line.

9. Distinguish between magnetic bearing and true

bearing. The angle between any sur-vey line and the magnetic

meridian is called the magnetic bearing. The angle between any Survey:.line and the t rue meridian is called t r u e bearing.

10. Distinguish between whole circle bearing and

reduced bearing.

The whole circle bearing is measured only from, the north in the clockwise direct ion whereas the reduced bearing

. is measured either—from north....jQjcj^ojJtJT^hjcJTej^ is nearer in clockwise or anticlockwise direction.

11. State the purpose of leveling. The purpose of leveling is to determine the relative

heights or elevation of points on the surface of the earth.

12. What is mean sea level? I t is the average height of the surface of the sea,

measured over a complete cycle of high and low tides over a

period of t ime:

13. Define the terms: bench mark, elevation, back sight

and fore sight.

Bench mark : I t is a fixed reference point of known

elevation.

Back sight: I t is a staff reading taken on a point of

known elevation

Fore sight: I t is a staff reading taken on a point of

unknown elevafion. 14. What are the Instruments used for leveling?

The- instruments used in leveling are the level and fhe

leveling staff.

2 Mark;; Questions nndAnsworS

15. -When do adopt differential leveling?

?v^;vThis ; : rtiethpd suitable when the points are situated far away from each other "and there are obstacles between them.

16. Match the following rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic - Marble. Granite, Shale.

Marble •• Metamorphfc rock

Granite - Igneous rock

Shale ^ Sedimentary rock

17. Define quarrying.

The process of tak ing out stone from natural rock beds is known as quarrying. This may be done using hand tools, channeling machine or by blasting.

18. What is meant by dressing of stones?

The process of cu t t ing the stones into required shape and size is known as dressing of stones.

19. What are the significant qualities of stones?

(i) A good bui ld ing stone should be hard and durable. .] (ii) For a good bui ld ing stone, crushing strength should

be greater than 100 N/mm 2

(iii) A good bui ld ing stone should be of uniform colour.

(iv) A good bui ld ing stone should be fire resistant.

20. What are the uses of stones?

(i) Used in foundation, walls, floors, etc.

(ii) Used as aggregate i n concrete.

(iii) Used as ballast in rai lways.

(iv) Used in the construction of roadways.

21. What is the standard size of the brick?

The standard size of a brick is 190 111111 K 90 Mil X Si) mm.

4 . Basic Civil Engineering

22. What are the constituents of good brick clay? The composition of brick earth by weight: clay - 20 to-

30%. silt -- 20 to 35% and sand-- 30 to 35%.. ."

23. What is frpg in bricks? Frog is an indentation or depression made on the face

of a brick for grip during laying with mortar;

24. State the general properties of cement Cement possesses adequate plasticity, 'easily workable,

resistant to weathering and gives strength to masonry. «

25. What are the uses of cement? . .Cement is used in the construction of bridges, dams,

roadways, water tanks,, etc. Cement is used for making cement concrete, pre-cast pipes, tiles, etc. .' j

26. What is the initial and final setting time of cement? The initial setting time of cement should not be less

than 30 minutes and the final setting time should not. be grater than 10 hours.

27. What is~meant by concrete? • .Concrete is the mixture of cement or lime, sand, gravel

or crushed stone and water in definite proportion. -

28. What is meant by workability of concrete? .Workability, of concrete is defined as the ease or.

difficulty with which the concrete can be handled, transported and placed in position so that concrete remains homogeneous.

29. What is water-cement ratio? I

The weight, of water used to that of cement is .called water-cement . ratio. For a good quality concrete, the water-cement ratio should be between 0.45 to 0.6. 1 ' 30. What is the advantage of R.C.C?

R.C.C has the property of both concrete and steel. Therefore it is used for the construction of structural elements which are subjected to compressive as well as tensile stresses.

" .

|

. 2 Murkti Question! and Antwtrt , 5

.'{/. LlSl out (lie u s e s of i u rn i c f c

; (i) .Concreie is used l<n io,ul < misti u< lion

(ii) Concrete is used foi found.u inn, sl.ili.-i, beams .mil •: columns in buildings. T — -

(iii) Concrete is used in (he construction ol dams, bridges, etc.

(iv) Concrete is used for. the construction of retaining walls.

32. How is steel classified based on carbon content? Based on carbon content, steel is classified into: (i) low carbon steel - carbon upto 0.25%

. (ii) medium carbon steel - 0.25 to 0.7% "'.' CfiOHiigh carbon sneel - u.i to I . D %

33. State any two properties of mild steel.

Mild steel possesses excellent ductility property. It is an elastic material and can be easily cut, machined, punched or drilled, welded, forged and rolled.

34. What are the uses of steel?

Mild steel is used for all kinds of structural steelworks such as bolts, rivets, channels, angles, etc. Medium hard steel is used to make boiler plates, rails, hammers, etc. Hard steel is used to make hammers, springs, >etc.

35. Mention the applications of commercial forms of steel available in the market.

Structural steel sections are used for the construction ...of steel bridges, railways, transmission towers, chimneys,

water tanks, pile foundations, etc.

J? Define foundation. Foundation is that part of a structure which is In direct

contact with the ground and transmitting the load of the super structure to the soil'below. . ' ••• ' • '

2. State the functions of foundation.

(i) Foundation transfers the load of superstructure to., large areaof the soil, so that the intensfty of load at its- base does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil..- • -

(ii) It prevents the differential settlement by evenly loading the substrata

(iii) It provides-a-level surface for building operations

(iv) It increases the stability of structure. •o - ..

3. Mention the types of foundation. -Different types of foundation are shallow foundation and

-deep foundation. ' : ' '. "

4. Write Rankine's formula to determine, the depth of foundation.

,2

D S B C

w 1 - sin (p 1 + sin (p

5. Define Safe Bearing Capacity of soil. Safe bearing capacity of a soil is the maximum load

that the soil can carry safely without any risk of shear failure.

6. What do you mean by isolated footing?

Isolated footing is used to transfer load from a single column to the soil below.

2 Marks Questions and Answers

7. When combined footing is used? /

• . .. Combined footings are used wheri two columns are so close that isolated footings, would overlap or nearly overlap

S. When pile foundation is preferred? —

When heavy loads have to he carried out through soil strata of low bearing capacity (<> deeper soil or rock having high bearing capacity, the load is transmitted through pile

'foundation.

9. What is a under-reamed pile? Under-reamed piles are short bored piles with a bulb

at the base. They are suitable for clayey and Mack cot ton soil.

10/What is meant by masonry? Masonry is the art of the construction in brick or-stone-

There are two types of masonry, namely, brick masonry and stone masonry.

11. Mention the different types of bricks. The different types of bricks are traditional bricks and

modular bricks.

12. What you mean by mortar? Mortar is a pasty material formed by the addition of

water to a mixture of an aggregate (sand or surkhi) and a binding agent (cement or lime)? It is used as binding material in masonry work.

13. Write down the types of mortar. Mud mortar, cement mortar, lime mortar, cement lirrie

mortar and lime surkhi mortar.

14. Define the following terms: header, stretcher, closer arid quoin.

Header: I t is a brick which fies with its length at right angles to the face of the masonry work.

Stretcher: I t is a brick which lies with its length parallel

to the face of the masonry work.

B Basic Civil Engineering

Quoin: It is.the external corner of $ wall surface.

15. Mention the different types of bonds, iti brick masonry.

The different types of bonds are stretcher1 bond; header bond, English bond, Flemish bond, diagonal bond and zig-zag bond.

16. Distinguish between English bond and Flemish bond.

In English bond alternate courses of stretchers and headers are laid, and is the strongest bond. In Flemish bond stretchers-and headers are laid alternately in each course and it presents more pleasing appearance than the English bond.

17. What are the different types of stone masonry? '

The different types of stone masonry are rubble masonry and ashlar masonry. • . '

18. What are the' uses of plastering?

(i) Plastering provides an even, smooth, clean and durable finished surface. •'

(ii) Plastering protects the surfaces from atmospheric changes. .; .'.

(iii) Plastering protects the internal surfaces against / ' , dust a'nd vermin . •:•

'19. Define beam.

A beam is a horizontal s t ructural member \fhich transfers the load to the columns.

.'it Wtuu .ire the different types of beams? •

l l „ , im ni types D I beams are .simply supported be.mi, i . u i i i l e v e i be.un, l lxed l ie .ui i , continuous beam and nvei Ii,tiicing beam.

2 Marks Questions and Answers

21. Differentiate singly a z l d doubly loinfoictui (Mi/|| sections. • <>il'cv?':-*'-A-;-.:••"'-«<''

I f the main re in fo rcen i e n t ' s placed o n l y on one - nli , , i

the beam (tension zone), i t is. called, singly reinforced I M M I I I

I f the beam is reinforced QJI: both ^ n e sides (compi ev.ion U I K I

tension zone), then the bean1 is .called doubly reinforced beam

22. Distinguish between r^ear s p a n and effective Span,

Clear span is the d i < t a n c e between the pinner faces ul two consecutive supports v \ ' h e r e a s t n e effective span is the centre to centre distance b e t w e e n t w 0 consecutive supports.

23. Define lintel.

A lintel is a h o r i z o i l t a l s t ruc tura l member ' which la placed across the openings ]ike doors, windows, etc to support the structure over the open i n 8 s -

24. List the various types o f l i n t e l -

Timber linte^^stone / i n t e I . b r i c k l in te l , steel lintel a n d R.C.C lintel .

25. Define column. ...„'••- --

A column is a ve r ; f l c a ' i o a c ^ car ry ing member.in a structure. I t transfer the l o a c l s f r o m t h e beams to the foundation.

26. How will you classcolumns based on effective length?

Short column - effective l e i n 8 t n ' l e a s t lateral dimension < 12

Long column- effective length /. least la tera l , dimension > 12

27. Mention the- reinforfemient ^ o r columns.

Main reinforcement jis provided in the vert ical direction to take up major load com l i n 8 o n t n e columns and the lateral reinforcement is provided i n t n e f o r m o f i nd iv idua l ties or helix to give lateral supp"o/r t t 0 t h e column.

10 Basic Civil Engineering

28. What is-thd'tninimuin clear cover provided in beams and columns? , ..

The minimum clear cover used in beams is 25 mm and 40 mm in columns. 29. Define roof.

A roof is the uppermost structural member of a building w hich protects the building from weathering agents. 2Q. What are the main classifications of roofs?

Roofs are classified into three types namely, flat roof, sloping roof and curved roof. 2\. What are the different types of sloping roof?

SirTglB"Torjf,^OTbfe--i^ 22. Define the following terms: purlins, battens and

rafters. Purlins are the intermediate supports to rafters; battens

are the placed over common rafters to support roof covering material; rafters are the inclined members in a trussed roof. 23. What are the various types of steel roof truss?

King post trussed roof, howe trussed roof, fan-fink trussed roof, pratt trussed roof, etc. 34, What are the materials used for covering roofs?

• ' . Thatch, tiles, asbestos cement sheets, etc. 35, What do you mean by flooring?

Floor may be defined as a building component that? divides a building into different levels for the purpose of] creating accommodation within a restricted space, one abovej the other. . • j 36, What are the characteristics of a good floor?

The floor should be s trong and durable; i t should tej free from dampness; it should provide a smooth and?

• • i — oo<;fi-iptif look.

2 Marks Questions and Answers

37. What are the distinct components of a floor?

Two distinct components of a floor are sub-floor arid floor covering. 38. List the different types of flooring.

-Mud flooring. 'Brick flooring, stone flooring, timber flooring, cement concrete flooring, granolithic flooring, terrazzo flooring, mosaic flooring, marble flooring and tile flooring. 39. Mention the types of flooring used in industrial

buildings. Stone flooring, cement concrete flooring and granolithic

flooring. 40: Define stress and strain.

The internal resistance per unit area of cross section is called the stress and the strain is the ratio of change in dimension to the original dimension of the member. 41./State Hooke's law.

Hooke's law states, that within the elastic limit the stress induced in a material is proportional to •strain.

42. Define modulus of elasticity. The ratio of axial stress to the corresponding axial

strain within elastic limit is called modulus of elasticity. 43. Give the. relationship between E, G, K.

9GK E = 3K+G

44. Give the relationship between E, G, 1/m. E = 2G ( 1 ••+ rn

45. What is Poisson's ratio? Poisson ratio is the ratio of lateral s t ra in to llne;w

12 Basic Civil Engineering

46. Define shear strain. Shear s t r a i n is defined ^ . i t h e - ' ^ g l e ^ i r i ^ c l l u s / t h i - p u g h

which a body is distorted by a shear force.

47. Explain factor of safety. The rat io of yield stress or ultimate stress to the

workipg stress is called the factor of safety.

^gf What is a bridge? A bridge is a structure that facilitates, passageover, low

ground or obstruct ion such as river, stream, channel, roadway or rai lway. 49. What are the various of components of a bridge?

Piers, abutments, wing walls, decking, bearings, parapet walls and g u a r d stones. '

50. What is meant by abutment? A b u t m e n t s are the end supports of a bridge.

51. Define the terms: afflux, causeway and culvert. A f f l u x is the rise in water level above its normal level

- due to the construction of bridge.

Causeway is a submersible-bridge which allows fold to

pass over i t . Culver t is a small bridge used for carrying water from

one side to other side of roadway or railway.

52. How will you classify bridges according to function?

H i g h w a y bridges, railway bridges, foot bridges, viaduct

.mil aqueduct. . . .

'i.l How will you classify bridges according to relative

position of floor?

I I n I' In i • 1 j *«* * •. I In 'oiijjli bridges and semi-through bridges.

51. What me the materials used for the bridge

construction? "u"" m Q m n r u Steel, R.C.C and pre-slressed concrete.

2 Marks Questions and Ans wers 13

55. Distinguish between straight bridge and skew bridge, ' ' / w '

Straight Bridges- bridges constructed at right angles to the axis of the river

..•'?•'••=. " Skew Bridges~^^Tidges constructed at some angle other than 90° ;.

56. Write^any two points that should be considered ... while selesting the site for bridges.

(i) The stream at the bridge site should be as narrow as possible.

(ii) Good soil for foundation and materials for • ^ / ' c o n s t r u c t i o n , should be available near the site.

What are the purposes of dams?

The dams are constructed for irr igation, to generate ni hydro-electric power, to control flood, for navigation, for industrial use, etc.

58. What is meant by upstream and downstream of a dam?

The side on which water gets collected is the upstream side and the other side is called downstream side.

59. Define the terms: ayacut, catchment area and spillway.

Ayacut- This is the area to be irrigated by a dam.

Catchment Area- This is a ra infa l l area which always feeds to a reservoir or lake.

Spillway- This is the overflow portion of a dam which discharges surplus water.

60. What are the points should be considered while selecting the site for a dam?

"The ' r iver valley at the d a m site should-he as narrow as possible; good soil should be available for foundation; suitable location of spi l lway should be available; the value of the property and land submerged by the proposed dam should he. farw i^i C&mpQjiiscrn h tfu he^ujiti' Xx^f< tul ^ V Y ^ fa.