Basic Mining and Metallurgy

Mutual accountability, integrity and professionalismGenuine customer service; andBest performance possible

JOHN MIKEL P. ANSAO, EMMines and Geoscience Bureau RXII

Outline

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII

I. Facts about Mining

II. The Mining Cycle

III. Different Mining and Processing Methods

Facts About Mining

Minerals are non-renewable

Life of mines is finite

Mining represents TEMPORARY USE OF LAND

Present Mining Economics Criteria:

• Technical Feasibility

• Environmental Sustainability

• Social Acceptability

• Financial Viability

The Mining Cycle

Progressive

Rehabilitation

EXPLORATION PHASE

OBJECTIVES OF EXPLORATION

• Determine location

• Determine Size, Shape, Position

• Determine Value of an ore body (or mineralization)

EXPLORATION METHODS

1. PROSPECTING

2. REMOTE SENSING

3. GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

4. DRILLING

PROSPECTING

Reference:• https://www.google.com/search?q=Mineral+prospecting&client=firefox-b-

ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia1_qZ4NHaAhViyVQKHe74BaAQ_AUoAXoECAAQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgdii=_BamBSQooL_fhM:&imgrc=SV0YXKxsNUrJJM:

• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FLode-Gold-Deposits.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Flode-gold%2F&docid=dkHLcJKSmbG3EM&tbnid=k1xxOj1I54o5pM%3A&vet=1&w=640&h=384&client=firefox-b-ab&bih=786&biw=1600&ved=2ahUKEwjbj-Ow4NHaAhXIhlQKHSUTAcIQxiAoBHoECAAQGA&iact=c&ictx=1

• looking for signs of mineralization

(traversing, panning, sifting, looking

for signs of mineralization)

• a small scale method of mineral

exploration (outcrop investigation,

panning, staking)

REMOTE SENSING

Reference:• https://worldwaterwatch.org/remote-sensing/

• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/remotesensing.html

Remote sensing is the acquisition of

information about an object or

phenomenon without making physical

contact with the object and thus in

contrast to on-site observation

GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS

Reference:• http://brockerhoffllc.com/dynamic-field-investigation-studies/

• http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geolgeom.htm

Geologic mapping involves plotting

the location and attitude of the

various rock units, faults, and folds

on a base map. Geologic maps are

used to investigate geologic

hazards, mineral resources,

groundwater aquifers, and just plain

science.

DRILLING

Reference:• https://www.kan-armcontracting.com/drilling-blasting/

• http://www.miningeducation.com/search?updated-max=2016-03-19T21:52:00-07:00&max-results=6&reverse-paginate=true

DEVELOPMENT PHASE

1. Orebody preparation

2. Mine Organization

3. Road Construction

4. Mine Planning & Design

5. Mine and Mill Development & Construction

6. Construction of ancillary facilities

7. Debugging and Commissioning

8. Environmental/ Social Programs

Development Phase – Community Consultations and

Agreement

OPERATION PHASE

OBJECTIVES:

REMOVAL/EXTRACTION OF MINERALS FROM THE

GROUND

• Surface Mining Method

• Underground Mining Method

CONCENTRATION (Processing to concentrate the metals)

PRODUCT SALES

CONTINUING COMMUNITY & ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS –

Progressive preparations for alternative and sustainable

livelihood and environmental rehabilitation & protection

PROGRESSIVE

REHABILITATION DURING

OPERATION PHASE

1999Region IX

PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.

Sibutad,

Zamboanga del

Region IX

Sibutad,

Zamboanga del

Region IX

Sibutad,

Zamboanga del

Region XIII

Silangan Mindanao Mining Company,

Surigao del Norte

Region XIII

Taganito Mining Corporation

Taganito, Claver,

Surigao del Norte

MINE CLOSURE, FINAL MINE REHABILITATION AND

RECLAMATION PHASE

Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been

mined to a natural or economically usable state.

OBJECTIVES

Restore the land affected to a condition capable of supporting

the uses which it was capable prior to mining –or higher/better

Ensure safety of areas affected by exploration and operations

Reference:• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation

Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia

22DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII

From a mine to a tourist attraction

Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia to Mine Wellness City

MINING METHODS

SURFACE – The mining in surface excavations

– Mining at or near the surface. This type of mining

is generally done where the overburden can be

removed without too much expense

UNDERGROUND – For deep-seated, narrow/vertical ore

MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA

ECONOMICS

• DEPTH OF ORE

OPEN PIT FOR SHALLOW ORE . The cost of stripping

overburden is less than cost of development and operating

cost of underground method

UNDERGROUND FOR DEEP/VERTICAL ORE. The cost of

stripping is to get to the ore is too expensive

• GRADE AND BEHAVIOUR OF DEPOSIT

Lower grade requires higher volume (Open pit has advantage

over underground in moving volumes)

Sand Deposits might favour dredging method.

In situ leaching on highly fragmented leachable ores

SAFETY - cost of SAFETY impacts the ECONOMICS of project

GOVT REGULATION - Socio-political acceptability

TYPES OF SURFACE MINING

OPEN PIT MINING

Reference:• https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yvLTURe8wQw/V2j7aXOHvxI/AAAAAAAAA5E/qHefzfFknKsGckzmzNNL15PYSFASr7ASQCLcB/s1600/13479654_10209946468766367_1377133314_n.jpg

Carmen Copper, Toledo City, Cebu

An excavation or cut

made at the surface of the

ground for the purpose of

extracting ore and which

is open to the surface for

the duration of the mine’s

Quarrying

Reference:• http://www.aggbusiness.com/sections/quarry-profiles-reports/features/quarrying-for-indian-desert-cream-granite/

• https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/257/the-struggle-over-riverbed-mining-in-india

Identical to open-pit mining except

that it refers to sand, stone and

STRIP MINING

Reference:• https://sciencestruck.com/types-of-surface-mining-methods

• http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2017/03/coal-news-owner-nixes-coal-mine-expansion-over-german-climate-plans.html

Which consist of stripping

surface layers off to reveal

ore/seams underneath

AUGER MINING

Reference:• https://www.coalaugering.com/

• https://arlweb.msha.gov/FATALS/2002/FAB02c21.HTM

A mining method often used by

strip-mine operators where the

overburden is too thick to

be removed economically

Dredging

Reference:• http://beaches.lacounty.gov/dredging-in-marina-del-rey/

• https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/how-does-a-gold-dredging-work

Removing solid matter from the

bottom of an area covered by

HYDRAULIC MINING

Reference:• http://www.tailings.info/technical/hydraulic.htm

• http://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/the-use-of-hydraulic-mining-in-gold-country/

Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking,

is a form of mining that uses high-

pressure jets of water to dislodge

rock material or move sediment

IN SITU MINING

Reference:• https://nuclear-news.net/2013/01/26/uranium-mining-in-situ-leaching-not-the-same-as-fracking/

UNDERGROUND MINING

Reference:• https://www.prysmiangroup.com/en/products-and-solutions/industries/mining/cables-for-underground-mining

• http://iminco.net/underground-mine-assistant-mount-isa-qld-iminco/

COMBINATION OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND

PROCESSING

METHODS

MINERAL PROCESSING

Separating the valuable minerals in the ore from the host rock

or from waste

Recovery of metals from ore or concentrates

MINERAL PROCESSING METHODS

Gravity – separates the heavy minerals from lighter host rock

Gravity Concentrator

Shaking Table

Heavy Media

Flotation - separates finely ground mineral from one another by

causing some to float in a froth and others to sink (copper and

lead-bearing minerals)

Magnetism – Separation by attracting magnetic minerals from

non-magnetic

Leaching/electrowinning – Separation by dissolving the valuable

minerals with specific reagents (ex: Sulfuric acid solution to

dissolve leachable copper, cyanide for leachable gold

GRAVITY

Gravity concentration is the

separation of minerals based on

differences in specific gravity Shaking tables are designed to wet

gravity-based of minerals and other

granular materials. They are effective

in processing precious and base

metals, rare and non-metals

Heavy Media Separation is for

separating a mixture of two products

having differentials in specific gravity

by immersing the sample in a heavy

liquid having a gravity intermediate to

those of the products to be separated

FLOTATION

GOLD LEACHING (CIP/CIL) PROCESS

PROCESSING EQUIPMENT EXAMPLES

Thank You!!!

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