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Mutual accountability, integrity and professionalismGenuine customer service; andBest performance possible
Basic Mining and Metallurgy
JOHN MIKEL P. ANSAO, EMMines and Geoscience Bureau RXII
Outline
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
I. Facts about Mining
II. The Mining Cycle
III. Different Mining and Processing Methods
Facts About Mining
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Minerals are non-renewable
Life of mines is finite
Mining represents TEMPORARY USE OF LAND
Present Mining Economics Criteria:
• Technical Feasibility
• Environmental Sustainability
• Social Acceptability
• Financial Viability
The Mining Cycle
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Progressive
Rehabilitation
EXPLORATION PHASE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
OBJECTIVES OF EXPLORATION
• Determine location
• Determine Size, Shape, Position
• Determine Value of an ore body (or mineralization)
EXPLORATION METHODS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
1. PROSPECTING
2. REMOTE SENSING
3. GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
4. DRILLING
PROSPECTING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://www.google.com/search?q=Mineral+prospecting&client=firefox-b-
ab&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwia1_qZ4NHaAhViyVQKHe74BaAQ_AUoAXoECAAQAw&biw=1600&bih=786#imgdii=_BamBSQooL_fhM:&imgrc=SV0YXKxsNUrJJM:
• https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FLode-Gold-Deposits.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.911metallurgist.com%2Flode-gold%2F&docid=dkHLcJKSmbG3EM&tbnid=k1xxOj1I54o5pM%3A&vet=1&w=640&h=384&client=firefox-b-ab&bih=786&biw=1600&ved=2ahUKEwjbj-Ow4NHaAhXIhlQKHSUTAcIQxiAoBHoECAAQGA&iact=c&ictx=1
• looking for signs of mineralization
(traversing, panning, sifting, looking
for signs of mineralization)
• a small scale method of mineral
exploration (outcrop investigation,
panning, staking)
REMOTE SENSING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://worldwaterwatch.org/remote-sensing/
• https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/remotesensing.html
Remote sensing is the acquisition of
information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical
contact with the object and thus in
contrast to on-site observation
GEOLOGIC MAPPING & FIELD INVESTIGATIONS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• http://brockerhoffllc.com/dynamic-field-investigation-studies/
• http://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/geology/geolgeom.htm
Geologic mapping involves plotting
the location and attitude of the
various rock units, faults, and folds
on a base map. Geologic maps are
used to investigate geologic
hazards, mineral resources,
groundwater aquifers, and just plain
science.
DRILLING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://www.kan-armcontracting.com/drilling-blasting/
• http://www.miningeducation.com/search?updated-max=2016-03-19T21:52:00-07:00&max-results=6&reverse-paginate=true
DEVELOPMENT PHASE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
1. Orebody preparation
2. Mine Organization
3. Road Construction
4. Mine Planning & Design
5. Mine and Mill Development & Construction
6. Construction of ancillary facilities
7. Debugging and Commissioning
8. Environmental/ Social Programs
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Development Phase – Community Consultations and
Agreement
OPERATION PHASE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
OBJECTIVES:
REMOVAL/EXTRACTION OF MINERALS FROM THE
GROUND
• Surface Mining Method
• Underground Mining Method
CONCENTRATION (Processing to concentrate the metals)
PRODUCT SALES
CONTINUING COMMUNITY & ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMS –
Progressive preparations for alternative and sustainable
livelihood and environmental rehabilitation & protection
PROGRESSIVE
REHABILITATION DURING
OPERATION PHASE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
1999Region IX
PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.
Sibutad,
Zamboanga del
Norte
2016
1999
2016
Region IX
PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.
Sibutad,
Zamboanga del
Norte
1999
2016
Region IX
PHILEX GOLD PHILIPPINES, INC.
Sibutad,
Zamboanga del
Norte
Region XIII
Silangan Mindanao Mining Company,
Inc.
Surigao del Norte
2013
2014
Region XIII
Taganito Mining Corporation
Taganito, Claver,
Surigao del Norte
2004
2006
2005
2011
MINE CLOSURE, FINAL MINE REHABILITATION AND
RECLAMATION PHASE
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Mine reclamation is the process of restoring land that has been
mined to a natural or economically usable state.
OBJECTIVES
Restore the land affected to a condition capable of supporting
the uses which it was capable prior to mining –or higher/better
Ensure safety of areas affected by exploration and operations
Reference:• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_reclamation
Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia
22DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
From a mine to a tourist attraction
Sungai Besi Mine, Malaysia to Mine Wellness City
MINING METHODS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
MINING METHODS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
SURFACE – The mining in surface excavations
– Mining at or near the surface. This type of mining
is generally done where the overburden can be
removed without too much expense
UNDERGROUND – For deep-seated, narrow/vertical ore
MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
MINING METHODS - SELECTION CRITERIA
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
ECONOMICS
• DEPTH OF ORE
OPEN PIT FOR SHALLOW ORE . The cost of stripping
overburden is less than cost of development and operating
cost of underground method
UNDERGROUND FOR DEEP/VERTICAL ORE. The cost of
stripping is to get to the ore is too expensive
• GRADE AND BEHAVIOUR OF DEPOSIT
Lower grade requires higher volume (Open pit has advantage
over underground in moving volumes)
Sand Deposits might favour dredging method.
In situ leaching on highly fragmented leachable ores
SAFETY - cost of SAFETY impacts the ECONOMICS of project
GOVT REGULATION - Socio-political acceptability
TYPES OF SURFACE MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
OPEN PIT MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yvLTURe8wQw/V2j7aXOHvxI/AAAAAAAAA5E/qHefzfFknKsGckzmzNNL15PYSFASr7ASQCLcB/s1600/13479654_10209946468766367_1377133314_n.jpg
Carmen Copper, Toledo City, Cebu
An excavation or cut
made at the surface of the
ground for the purpose of
extracting ore and which
is open to the surface for
the duration of the mine’s
life
Quarrying
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• http://www.aggbusiness.com/sections/quarry-profiles-reports/features/quarrying-for-indian-desert-cream-granite/
• https://www.internationalrivers.org/blogs/257/the-struggle-over-riverbed-mining-in-india
Identical to open-pit mining except
that it refers to sand, stone and
clay.
STRIP MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://sciencestruck.com/types-of-surface-mining-methods
• http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2017/03/coal-news-owner-nixes-coal-mine-expansion-over-german-climate-plans.html
Which consist of stripping
surface layers off to reveal
ore/seams underneath
AUGER MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://www.coalaugering.com/
• https://arlweb.msha.gov/FATALS/2002/FAB02c21.HTM
A mining method often used by
strip-mine operators where the
overburden is too thick to
be removed economically
Dredging
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• http://beaches.lacounty.gov/dredging-in-marina-del-rey/
• https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/how-does-a-gold-dredging-work
Removing solid matter from the
bottom of an area covered by
water
HYDRAULIC MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• http://www.tailings.info/technical/hydraulic.htm
• http://howtofindgoldnuggets.com/the-use-of-hydraulic-mining-in-gold-country/
Hydraulic mining, or hydraulicking,
is a form of mining that uses high-
pressure jets of water to dislodge
rock material or move sediment
IN SITU MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://nuclear-news.net/2013/01/26/uranium-mining-in-situ-leaching-not-the-same-as-fracking/
UNDERGROUND MINING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Reference:• https://www.prysmiangroup.com/en/products-and-solutions/industries/mining/cables-for-underground-mining
• http://iminco.net/underground-mine-assistant-mount-isa-qld-iminco/
COMBINATION OF SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
PROCESSING
METHODS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
MINERAL PROCESSING
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Separating the valuable minerals in the ore from the host rock
or from waste
Recovery of metals from ore or concentrates
MINERAL PROCESSING METHODS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Gravity – separates the heavy minerals from lighter host rock
Gravity Concentrator
Shaking Table
Heavy Media
Flotation - separates finely ground mineral from one another by
causing some to float in a froth and others to sink (copper and
lead-bearing minerals)
Magnetism – Separation by attracting magnetic minerals from
non-magnetic
Leaching/electrowinning – Separation by dissolving the valuable
minerals with specific reagents (ex: Sulfuric acid solution to
dissolve leachable copper, cyanide for leachable gold
GRAVITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Gravity concentration is the
separation of minerals based on
differences in specific gravity Shaking tables are designed to wet
gravity-based of minerals and other
granular materials. They are effective
in processing precious and base
metals, rare and non-metals
Heavy Media Separation is for
separating a mixture of two products
having differentials in specific gravity
by immersing the sample in a heavy
liquid having a gravity intermediate to
those of the products to be separated
FLOTATION
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
GOLD LEACHING (CIP/CIL) PROCESS
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
PROCESSING EQUIPMENT EXAMPLES
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCESMINES AND GEOSCIENCE BUREAUREGIONAL OFFICE NO. XII
Thank You!!!