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Balance of power
Declining powers: Holy Roman Empire,Poland-Lithuania, Ottoman Empire
Rising powers: Habsburg Austria, Prussia,Russia
Map Link: Europe in 1648:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/europe_1648_westphal_1884.jpg>.
Independence of rulers and weak imperialcontrol
Independent states: Dutch Republic, Swiss
Potential for strong new states
Map Link: The Holy Roman Empire, 1648:
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_1648.svg>
1386 Unification of Commonwealth ofPoland-Lithuania
Elected king
Decentralised government
Nobles and serfs
Map Link: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth_in_1648.PNG>
1529 Ottomans attack Vienna
Diverse population
Weak central control
Map Link: Ottoman Empire, 1481-1683:
<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/ottoman_empire_1481-1683.jpg>
1663 Ottomans advance into Holy RomanEmpire. Opposed by alliance that forcestruce in 1664
1683 Ottomans attack Vienna
1684 Holy League relieves Vienna. Then takesmuch of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatiafrom Turks (1686-87 and following years)
Map Link: Growth of the Habsburg Dominions:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg>
1415 Hohenzollerns take control of Brandenburg
1618 Hohenzollerns inherit E. Prussia
1648 Gain much of E. Pomerania
1701 Frederick III of Brandenburg-Prussiarecognised by Holy Roman Emperor as King ofPrussia (Frederick I of Prussia, r. 1688-1713)
Map Link: Growth of Brandenburg-Prussia:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Acprussiamap2.gif>
1480 Ivan III (r. 1462-1505) throws offMongol control
1533-84 Reign of Ivan IV (“the Terrible”)
1598-1613 “Time of Troubles”
Map Link: Principality of Muscovy:
<https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/2.RM/SCMEDIA/Map.3.gif>
1613 Russian nobles elect Michael Romanovas tsar (emperor, r. 1613-45)
1682 Peter the Great becomes tsar (r. 1682-1725)
Westernisation: dress, etiquette, technology,administration and government,mercantilism
Taking control of Russian Orthodox Church
Founding Saint Petersburg
Map Link: Russia under Peter the Great:
<http://splendidculture.wikispaces.com/file/view/Russia%20Map.gif/378385212/Russia%20Map.gif>
The War of the Spanish Succession (1702-13):
1700 Death of Charles II of Spain(r. 1665-1700)
Louis XIV Prince Charles of Austria
1700-46 Reign of Philip V of Spain
England, Dutch Republic, Austria, Prussia,Portugal vs. France, Spain, Bavaria
1713-14 Treaties of Utrecht and Rastatt
Map Link: Europe 1714:
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Europe_1714.png>
Louis de Rouvroy, Duc de Saint-Simon(1675-1755)
Soldier, writer of Mémoires
Opposed policy of Louis XIV
Associate of Louis of Bourgogne (d. 1712) andPhilippe II of Orléans (d. 1723)
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