Ch. 14-TheWars ofReligion

(1560s-1648)

#13 & 14. Habsburg-Valois Wars

• A series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 between the leading European powers for control of the Italian states. The wars involved most of the Italian states, the papacy, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, France, and Switzerland. Principally, the conflict was between France and Spain, with the changing allegiance of the rival Italian states and of the pope being determined by their own immediate interests. The final outcome was the victory of Spain. Culturally, the wars were significant for spreading the influence of the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe.

#13 & 14-Habsburgs…Valois

• Habsburgs:Ruling house of Austria

1282-1918!!

• Valois:Royal house of France

from 1328-1589

#15. Concordat of Bologna

• between King Francis I (France) of France & Pope Leo X

• Francis I agree to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council. Crown gained the right to appoint all Fr. Bishops & abbots.

• Crown would decide who would lead the Church a victory for the Monarchy

• Catholic Church in France was known as the Gallican Church.

noblesse de robe, (French: “Nobility of the Robe”)

• 17th- and 18th-century France, a class of hereditary nobles who acquired their rank through holding a high state office. Their name was derived from the robes worn by officials-----------

• nobles who derived their rank from military service (noblesse d’épée)

Civil War

In France

(1562-1598)

The Valois Family:The Beginning of the End

Henry II (ruled 1547-59) was the last powerful Valois. Married to Catherine de Medici

Three weak sons followed: Francis II(r. 1559-60) Charles IX(r. 1560-74) Henry III(r. 1574-89)

Catherine de Medici controlled the sons: Was mother to the boys Played both sides in the civil war Developed a reputation for cruelty

Catherine de Medici

Bon in Florence, Italy. The daughter of Lorenzo II, grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent!

Catherine de Médici:• Very important political figure in the French Wars of Religion.

• When King Francis II died, she became the regent for her underage son and assumed temporary power over France.

• Her main goal was to keep her son on the throne and to keep the monarchy alive.

• Suffered a failed attempt at reconciling the two factions of Protestants and Catholics.

• In 1562, she allied herself with the Protestants, giving them rights to worship publicly outside of towns and privately within them in the January Edict.

• This edict was followed by three periods of conflict known as the French Wars of Religion.

The French Civil War There were two sides:

Guise family led Catholics in North Bourbon family led Huguenots in South Fighting for the royal inheritance#16.Huguenots:A name by which the French

Protestants are often designated. Its etymology is uncertain.

Catherine supported the Guises in the first phase. #17. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

August 24, 1572 20,000 Huguenots were killed Henri of Navarre, a Bourbon, survived

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

#18. War of Three Henry’s 1584-89; eighth and final conflict in the series of civil wars in France known as

the Wars of Religion..resulted from the St. Bartholomew’s day massacre

• Henry III• 1574-89• 4th son of Henry II &

Catherine de Medici• Leader of the royal

army in the Fr. Wars of Religions vs. Huguenots

• Assassinated!

Henry III

2nd Henry: Henry: 3rd Duke of Guise

• Duc de Guise: title of nobility

• Leader of the Catholic faction who formed the Catholic League in 1576 to keep the new heir, Henry of Navarre off the throne

• Assassinated!

The Catholic League

• A radical Catholic group formed by Henry of Guise in 1576.

• They fought for unity under Catholicism in France, and forced Henry III to pursue their goal.

• They took power in Paris in the 1580’s, and the King was forced out after a failed attack on the League.

• They were dispersed in 1596, after Henry IV took the throne, and the people were too tired of religious war.

3rd Henry-Henry IV(Navarre)• Henry Bourbon• Protestant: led the

Huguenot forces• Winner(by default)!

Becomes the 1st Bourbon monarch of France

• #9. “Paris is worth a mass”• Converts to Catholicism in

effort to unify the country, but gives Huguenots freedom of worship!

The French Civil War Catherine started supporting the Bourbons.

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV(Bourbon) of France.

Effects of Civil War: France was left divided by religion Royal power had weakened Valois family now replaced by Bourbons

CatholicLeague

ProtestantUnion

CIVILWAR

Triumphal Entry of Henry IV Into Paris – Peter Paul

Reubens

Ended Spanish interference in France Converted to Catholicism :

Did this to compromise and make peace

Paris is worth a mass. This was an example of

politique(#19) [the interest of the state comes first before any religious considerations]

Passed Edict of Nantes(#8) in 1598: Granted religious rights to

Huguenots Did not grant religious freedom for

all

Henry IV of France

(#20)The Edict of Nantes-1598

• April 13, 1598, Henry IV made a formal religious settlement and instated the Edict of Nantes.

• According to this edict, while Catholicism was to remain the official religion of the country, minority religions were given religious tolerance.

• It did not end the conflict between the religions but it stopped open warfare between the opposing powers.

• However, as significant as this edict was, it would only transform the long hot war between the Catholics and the Huguenots into a long cold war.

• Henry IV was assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic.

The Fall of the Edict of Nantes• Edict of Nantes subdued religious warfare.

• Henry’s political and economic policies laid the foundations for a new France.

• Stability within the region remained until the rise to power of Louis XIV.

• Revoked(by Louis XIV) the Edict of Nantes in 1685 and sent France back into a state of religious turmoil.

Dutch War of Independence 1568 - 1648

Phillip II

Historical Background• Spain becomes world power• Netherlands(#22) was the richest area in

all of Europe (center of trade)• Charles V had inherited the 17 provinces

that compose modern-day Belgium & the Netherlands (provinces were self governing).

MAJOR CAUSES

• Emperor Charles V was succeeded by his two sons Philip II (Spain and Netherlands) and Ferdinand (Austria, Hungary, imperial title.)

• Church Reform of the Netherlands (Catholicism – Calvinism/Protestantism)

• Location-The Netherlands were extremely far away from their central government located in Spain.

• The spread of Calvinism encouraged opposition to ungodly political authorities & led to a wave of iconoclasm

THE WAR: The Duke of Alva-Fernando Alvarez de Toledo

• The Duke was a regent of Philip II.• Spanish general & governor of the Sp.Netherlands• Sent to the Netherlands to persecute Protestants.• Started the Council of Troubles (#12)Council of

Blood)• Know as the “Iron Duke”• 1st example of “Black Legend”-depiction of Spanish as

blood thirsty, cruel, greedy, & fanatical• Imposed the Spanish alcabala (tenth penny).

THE WAR: PHILIP VS. WILLIAM

PHILIP II• King of Spain• Hard Core Catholic• Conformity and unification• Control over Netherlands

WILLIAM OF ORANGE• Leader of Netherlands

opposition• Catholic, Lutheran, and

Calvinist • Independence from Spain• Will be assassinated!

THE WAR: Spain Loses Power

• William of Orange came out of exile to lead revolt.

• Queen Elizabeth I refused to admit the “Sea Beggars” into her port

• Regarded as real beginning of Dutch independence.

• Spanish Fury (7,000 people killed)

THE WAR: Independence from Spain

• Defeat of Philip II, Spanish Armada(1588).• Spanish preoccupation with England and

France made Spain weaker.• All Spanish soldiers were out by 1593.• In 1596 independence was recognized by

France and England.• Twelve Years Truce 1609.• Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

“The Dairy Cow” 1580-95

Elizabeth of Englandis feeding her.• Philip of Spain isattempting to ride her.• William of Orangeis trying to milk her.• The King of France holds her tail.

1629-Edict of Restitution("Ecclesiastical Reservation”)

• on March 6, 1629 following Catholic successes at arms

• a belated attempt by Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor to impose and restore the religious and territorial situations reached in the Peace of Augsburg (1555)-Cuius regio, eius religio

• Cuius regio, eius religio is a phrase in Latin translated as "Whose realm, his religion", meaning the religion of the ruler dictated the religion of the ruled...

•.

• All Church property taken by Protestants over the past 70 years had to be returned!

Finally….

• Division of Netherlands settled in 1609, with 7 northern provinces as an indep. nation known simply as the “Dutch.” Official religion->Calvinist Protestantism. Amazingly…they were tolerant of other religions!!

• 10 Southern provinces remained Catholic under control of Spanish Habsburgs as the Spanish Netherlands. They remained a Spanish possession until 1713.

EFFECTS OF THE WAR

• Dutch Golden Age.• Dutch Republic became world power and Southern Netherlands lost all significance.• Became a republic (with Stadtholder).• Spanish empire started to decline.• Challenged the concept of the divine right

of kings.

HISTORICAL IMPACT-Started the eventual separation between north and

south (Netherlands/Belgium).• Precursor to English Civil War and French

Revolution.• Predecessor to liberalism in modern day

governments.

Challenges from Spain

• Phillip II and the (#26 & 27) Spanish Armada(1588)-”la felicissima armada”(the most formidable fleet!)

TheThirty Years(#29)

War-1st Continent wide war!

(1618-1648)

5 W’s of the Thirty Years War!

• WHO• Ferdinand II was head of the Habsburg family

(Catholic!)• He ruled the Czech kingdom of Bohemia. The

protestants in Bohemia didn’t trust him, because he was a Catholic and, to them, a foreigner (Habsburgs had dominated Austria)

• Ferdinand closed Protestant churches; Prot. Revolt!• The War begins!!!!!!!!

Ferdinand II-Holy Roman Emperor• devout and very pious

Catholic• House of Habsburg• Holy Roman Emperor from

1619-1637• religious intolerance

toward protestants• Ruled during the Thirty

Years War

WHEN, WHERE, WHY• 1618-1648• HRE=Holy Roman Empire• Ferdinand II closed Protestant churches and the

Protestants revolt!

Ferdinand II inherited Bohemia. The Bohemians hated him. Ferdinand refused to tolerate Protestants. Defenestration of Prague(# 18) May, 1618

The Bohemian Phase: 1618-1622

(#31)“Defenestration of Prague”• Defenestration is from Latin “de” meaning “out of”

and fenestra, “window.”• May 23, 1618-Estates(Parliament) of Bohemia

threw 2 Catholic emissaries appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor, out a window 70’ above the ground…defenestration!

• landed on a large pile of manure in a dry moat and survived!

5 W’s…WHAT• Conflict over Religion, Territory & for power

among European ruling families!• First 12 years Habsburgs are winning• 1630-due to leadership of Gustavus Adolphus(#32)

of Sweden, the tide shifts as Habsburg armies are driven out!

• Protestants will make their comeback under Adolphus

France & Sweden now get involved. Both want to stop Habsburg power. Sweden led the charge. France provided support.

Gustavus Adolphus invaded the HRE. Ferdinand II brought back Wallenstein. Swedish advance was stopped.

German princes still feared Ferdinand II.

Wallenstein assassinated to appease them.

The Swedish Phase: 1630-1635

WHAT, con’t• FRANCE(#34/35) will dominate the remaining

years with the leadership of Cardinal’s Richelieu(minister to King Louis XIII) & Mazarin(successor to Richelieu)

French Involvement• ***FRANCE, although CATHOLIC, feared the

expansion of the Habsburgs rule more than they feared the Protestant…so, they enter on the side of the Protestants!!

• 1635:Richilieu sent Fr. Troops to help the Swedes & German

protestants vs. Habsburg armies1648: Habsburgs are defeated!!

Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

(#33)Treaty of Westphalia-1648

• 1. It weakened Spain & Austria(Habsburg states)

• 2. It strengthened France(by awarding it German territory)

• 3. IT ENDED RELIGIOUS WARS IN EUROPE!

• 4. it made German princes independent of the HRE

• 5. It introduced a new method of negotiating peace whereby, all participants meet to decide the peace terms

• 6. it began the modern state system in which all states are independent & equal.

Many Protestants felt betrayed.

The pope denounced it.

Only merit it ended the fighting in a war that became intolerable!

For the next few centuries, this war was blamed for everything that went wrong in Central Europe.

Nobody Was Happy!