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7/30/2019 Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, And Prions
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Bacteria, Viruses, Prions, and
Protists
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Bacteria
Unicellular or Multicellular?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Cells Walls?
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Bacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotes
Cells walls containing peptidoglycan
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Bacteria
Extremely Abundant
Cover nearly every square centimeter of Earth
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://mmserver.cjp.com/images/image/2559081.jpg&imgrefurl=http://image.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader%241734&h=400&w=600&sz=24&hl=en&start=2&tbnid=5AwQN7OTp6_jBM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dmicroorganisms%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den7/30/2019 Bacteria, Viruses, Protists, And Prions
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What are the differencesbetween eubacteria and
archaebacteria?
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Eubacteria versus Archaebacteria
Cell walls of Eubacteria havepeptidoglycans while those of
Archaebacteria do not.
DNA sequences of archaebacteria is moresimilar to that of eukaryotes than to theDNA of eubacteria
Archaebacteria often live in very extremeenvironments (hot springs, digestivetracts, Great Salt Lake, etc.)
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Bacterial Shapes
Bacilli: rod shaped
Cocci: spherical
Spirilla: spiral, corkscrew
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Cell Walls
Gram positive: stain violet due to thick
peptidoglycan walls
Gram negative: stain pink/red, have much
thinner walls inside lipid layer
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Metabolism
Heterotrophs:
Chemoheterotrophs: must take in organic
molecules and a supply of carbon
Photoheterotrophs: are photosynthetic but
also need to take in organic molecules forcarbon source
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Metabolism
Photoautotrophs: use light energy to makecarbon compounds
Chemoautotrophs: use energy fromchemical reactions to make carboncompounds
Where might each type of bacteria befound?
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Binary Fission
When a bacteriagrows so that ithas doubled insize, it replicates
its DNA anddivides in half
Is this sexual orasexual?
Identical ordifferentdaughter cells?
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Conjugation
Some bacteria are able to exchange
genetic information A hollow bridge forms between two
bacteria and genes move from one cell to
the other Increases genetic diversity of a population
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Conjugation
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Spore Formation
Spores are formed when the bacteria
produces a thick internal wall that
encloses the DNA and part of the
cytoplasm
Why do you think this would be beneficial
for bacteria?
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Spore Formation
Occurs when conditions are unfavorable
for growth
Can remain dormant for years until
conditions improve
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Spore Formation
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What are some benefits of
bacteria?
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Benefits of Bacteria
Some are producers that undergo
photosynthesis
Some are decomposers that break down
dead matter to recycle the nutrients
Some convert nitrogen gas to a form that
can be used by plants (nitrogen fixation)
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What are some dangers of
bacteria?
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Vaccines
A vaccine is a preparation of weakened or
killed pathogens that are injected into the
body
This stimulates the body to produce
immunity to the disease
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Vaccines
Why do you think we dont vaccinate
everyone for all disease we have created
vaccines for?
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics block the growth andreproduction of bacteria
Used to treat bacterial infections
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Solve the Problem
What would you do to
find out what causesthe tobacco leaves to
be diseased?
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Viruses
A virus is a core of DNA or RNA
surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)
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Viruses They can only reproduce by infecting living
cells
They enter a cell and use its cell
machinery to produce more viruses
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Retroviruses
Contain RNA as genetic information
instead of DNA
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Would you consider viruses
living?
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Are Viruses Living?
Cannot reproduce alone, must have a host
cell
Do not undergo growth or development
Do not obtain or use energy
Evolve
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Prions
Diseases such as Scrapie (in sheep) and
Mad Cow Disease are not caused bybacteria or viruses. What could cause
them?
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Prions
Contain only protein
Cause disease by forming protein clumps
which then induce normal proteins to
become Prions
The build up eventually damages nerve
tissue
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Protists
Domain?
Kingdom?
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
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Protists
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Protists
Eukaryotic
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Protists
Protists are defined by what they are not.
Protists are eukaryotes that are not animals,plants, or fungi.
They were the first eukaryotic organisms onearth.
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Types of Protists
Animal-Like Protists: heterotrophs
Plant-Like Protists: produce food throughphotosynthesis
Fungus-Like Protists: obtain food byexternal digestion
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Animal-Like Protists
Heterotrophs
cilliate
Sarcodine
(amoeba)
sporozoan
zooflagellate
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Animal-Like Protists
Malaria
African Sleeping Sickness
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Plant-Like Protists
Carry out photosynthesis
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Fungus-Like Protists
Grow in damp, nutrient rich environments
Absorb food through cell membranes
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