Bacteria and Nutrient Case Study

Bacteria and NutrientCase Study

Winter Application of Dairy Slurry

Evaluation of Nitrogen Use in a Native Pasture

Introduction• WA Dairy Nutrient Management Act – 1998

– All dairy operations were required to have a nutrient management plan by July 1, 2002

– Plans had to be certified by December 31, 2003• Requested to design a study for a dairy operation

that did not have the suggested 6 months of storage– Manure storage facilities are expensive to build

Background

• Winter application of manure is discouraged– Increased risk of runoff – Perceived lack of nutrient uptake

• Few on-farm studies have been conducted to determine the actual environmental risks

Background• Transitional-organic, grazing based dairy

– Located in southwestern Washington– Milk 60 Holstein cows– Relatively large land-base (200 acres)– Approximately 6 weeks of manure storage– Apply manure throughout the year

Materials and Methods• Six plots were assigned in duplicate to one of 3

treatments• Treatments

– Control– 1x manure application rate– 2x manure application rate

1x 1x2x 2xCont Cont

Manure Application• Manure was applied 2

times per year– Winter - January – Summer - June

• Manure was surface applied with a splash-plate manure wagon– Each load was weighed and

sampled

• Year 1 application rates– 1x plots – 112 lb N/acre– 2x plots – 200 lb N/acre

Materials and Methods• Sample collection

– 1 ft soil samples were taken once every 4 weeks– Grass clippings were taken once every 4 weeks

• April through September

• Sample analyses– Grass

• Dry matter, crude protein, and nitrate (NO3-)

– Soils• NO3

- and ammonium (NH4+)

– Manure• Total nitrogen and NH4

Evaluation of nitrogen use from winter manure application

1x 2x 1x 2x

Grass Dry Matter Yields

Item control 1x 2x DM Yield, tons/ac

Year 1 2.0 2.5 3.1Year 2 1.8b 2.8ab 3.9a

Year 3 2.1b 4.0ab 5.4a

Soil Nitrate and Ammonium

Item control 1x 2x Yr AveNO3-N, ppm

Year 1 5.4 5.3 6.5 5.7Year 2 4.9 5.6 6.0 5.5Year 3 4.6 4.9 5.2 4.9

Transport of Fecal Bacteria and Nutrients to Surface Water

Introduction

• Fecal coliform and Escherichia coli are bacteria of concern in surface waters– Indicators of fecal contamination

• Many rivers in Washington have TMDL standards for surface waters– Dairy farms are often listed as a source of fecal

coliforms and E. coli

Introduction• Application of dairy slurry during winter months

has been assumed to increase the risk of nutrient and bacterial contamination to the environment

• Evaluation of BMP are important to determine which practices adequately protect the environment while providing dairy operations alternative ways of managing manure and nutrients

• Few on-farm studies have been conducted to determine the actual environmental risks

January

Slurry Application Area

MNX Y Z

December

Slurry Application AreaE

Slurry Applications• December 12th application

– 2.9 acres– 0.16 acre-inches– 4 to 5 times normal application

area• January 27th application

– 1.2 acres– 0.18 acre-inches– 2 to 3 times normal application

Soil Sampling

• Soil samples were taken from 2 plots in manure application area and 1 plot located in the buffer strip– Soil probe was 2.5 inches in

diameter– Sampling depth of 1.5 inches– 3 cores were taken from each

Laboratory Procedures• Water samples

– Membrane filtration procedure• Fecal coliform• E. coli

• Soils– Samples were diluted with an equal

amount of sterile buffered water– Placed in a stomacher for 1 min at

200 rpm– Membrane filtration technique for

fecal coliform determination

DNA Fingerprinting• Plates with E. coli were selected for DNA

fingerprinting– Colonies from slurry application were used to

establish background database– Plates taken from sites A, B, and D– 2 to 4 colonies per plate were selected for DNA

ribotyping– Fingerprinting conducted by Institute of

Environmental Health in Seattle

Rainfall• December rainfall

– 0.5 inches in 24 hrs – 1.1 inches in 48 hrs – 1.5 inches in 72 hrs

11/15/03 11/30/03 12/15/03 12/30/03 1/14/04 1/29/04 2/13/04

Manure Application12/12/03

Manure Application

1/27/04

Water Fecal Coliform December Application

10/26/03 11/15/03 12/5/03 12/25/03 1/14/04 2/3/04

Site A - Application areaManure

Application12/12/03

WA State Fecal Coliform Std

Site A >5000 CFU/100 ml

12/14/03

Water Fecal Coliform December Application

10/26/03 11/15/03 12/5/03 12/25/03 1/14/04 2/3/04

Site A - Application area

Site B - Downstream

Site A >5000 CFU/100 ml

12/14/03

DNA FingerprintingDecember Application

Site # of isolates # from cattle % from cattleA 9 9 100B 22 18 82D 13 8 62

Total 44 35 80

Rainfall• December rainfall

– 0.5 inches in 24 hrs – 1.1 inches in 48 hrs – 1.5 inches in 72 hrs

• January rainfall– 0.3 inches in 24 hrs – 1.1 inches in 48 hrs – 2.2 inches in 72 hrs

11/15/03 11/30/03 12/15/03 12/30/03 1/14/04 1/29/04 2/13/04

Manure Application

1/27/04

Water Fecal ColiformJanuary Application

1/21/04 1/31/04 2/10/04 2/20/04 3/1/04 3/11/04

Site F - Upstream

Manure Application

1/27/04

1/21/04 1/31/04 2/10/04 2/20/04 3/1/04 3/11/04

Site E - Application site

Site F - Upstream

Manure Application

1/27/04

1/21/04 1/31/04 2/10/04 2/20/04 3/1/04 3/11/04

Site E - Application site

Site F - Upstream

Site A - Downstream

Manure Application

1/27/04

Soil Fecal ColiformDecember Application

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

11/30/03 12/10/03 12/20/03 12/30/03 1/9/04 1/19/04 1/29/04 2/8/04

Plot X

Plot Y

Soil Fecal ColiformDecember Application

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

11/30/03 12/10/03 12/20/03 12/30/03 1/9/04 1/19/04 1/29/04 2/8/04

Plot XPlot YPlot Z

Soil Fecal ColiformJanuary Application

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1/14/04 1/24/04 2/3/04 2/13/04 2/23/04 3/4/04 3/14/04

Plot M

Plot N

Manure Application

1/27/04

Soil Fecal ColiformJanuary Application

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

1/14/04 1/24/04 2/3/04 2/13/04 2/23/04 3/4/04 3/14/04

Plot MPlot NPlot O

Manure Application

1/27/04

Transport of Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Surface Water

Nitrogen

NO3-N & NH4-N

December Application NO3-N

11/21/03 12/1/03 12/11/03 12/21/03 12/31/03

Site A - Application siteSite B - Downstream

January Application NO3-N

1/27/04 1/28/04 1/29/04 1/30/04 1/31/04 2/1/04 2/2/04 2/3/04

Site A - DownstreamSite E - Application siteSite F - Upstream

December Application NH4-N

11/21/03 12/1/03 12/11/03 12/21/03 12/31/03

Site A - Application site

Site B - Downstream

January Application NH4-N

1/27/04 1/28/04 1/29/04 1/30/04 1/31/04 2/1/04 2/2/04 2/3/04

Phosphorus

Total P

December Application Total P

11/21/03 12/1/03 12/11/03 12/21/03 12/31/03

l P, m

Site A - Application siteSite B - Downstream

January Application Total P

1/27/04 1/28/04 1/29/04 1/30/04 1/31/04 2/1/04 2/2/04 2/3/04

l P, m

Questions?

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