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Bacteria and NutrientCase Study
Winter Application of Dairy Slurry
Evaluation of Nitrogen Use in a Native Pasture
Introduction• WA Dairy Nutrient Management Act – 1998
– All dairy operations were required to have a nutrient management plan by July 1, 2002
– Plans had to be certified by December 31, 2003• Requested to design a study for a dairy operation
that did not have the suggested 6 months of storage– Manure storage facilities are expensive to build
Background
• Winter application of manure is discouraged– Increased risk of runoff – Perceived lack of nutrient uptake
• Few on-farm studies have been conducted to determine the actual environmental risks
Background• Transitional-organic, grazing based dairy
– Located in southwestern Washington– Milk 60 Holstein cows– Relatively large land-base (200 acres)– Approximately 6 weeks of manure storage– Apply manure throughout the year
Materials and Methods• Six plots were assigned in duplicate to one of 3
treatments• Treatments
– Control– 1x manure application rate– 2x manure application rate
1x 1x2x 2xCont Cont
160
ft
48 ft
Plots
Manure Application• Manure was applied 2
times per year– Winter - January – Summer - June
• Manure was surface applied with a splash-plate manure wagon– Each load was weighed and
sampled
• Year 1 application rates– 1x plots – 112 lb N/acre– 2x plots – 200 lb N/acre
Materials and Methods• Sample collection
– 1 ft soil samples were taken once every 4 weeks– Grass clippings were taken once every 4 weeks
• April through September
• Sample analyses– Grass
• Dry matter, crude protein, and nitrate (NO3-)
– Soils• NO3
- and ammonium (NH4+)
– Manure• Total nitrogen and NH4
+
Evaluation of nitrogen use from winter manure application
1x 2x 1x 2x
Cont
rol
Cont
rol
Grass Dry Matter Yields
Item control 1x 2x DM Yield, tons/ac
Year 1 2.0 2.5 3.1Year 2 1.8b 2.8ab 3.9a
Year 3 2.1b 4.0ab 5.4a
Soil Nitrate and Ammonium
Item control 1x 2x Yr AveNO3-N, ppm
Year 1 5.4 5.3 6.5 5.7Year 2 4.9 5.6 6.0 5.5Year 3 4.6 4.9 5.2 4.9
Winter Application of Dairy Slurry
Transport of Fecal Bacteria and Nutrients to Surface Water
Introduction
• Fecal coliform and Escherichia coli are bacteria of concern in surface waters– Indicators of fecal contamination
• Many rivers in Washington have TMDL standards for surface waters– Dairy farms are often listed as a source of fecal
coliforms and E. coli
Introduction• Application of dairy slurry during winter months
has been assumed to increase the risk of nutrient and bacterial contamination to the environment
• Evaluation of BMP are important to determine which practices adequately protect the environment while providing dairy operations alternative ways of managing manure and nutrients
• Few on-farm studies have been conducted to determine the actual environmental risks
January
Slurry Application Area
O
MNX Y Z
December
Slurry Application AreaE
F
B
A
Plots
Slurry Applications• December 12th application
– 2.9 acres– 0.16 acre-inches– 4 to 5 times normal application
area• January 27th application
– 1.2 acres– 0.18 acre-inches– 2 to 3 times normal application
area
Soil Sampling
• Soil samples were taken from 2 plots in manure application area and 1 plot located in the buffer strip– Soil probe was 2.5 inches in
diameter– Sampling depth of 1.5 inches– 3 cores were taken from each
plot
Laboratory Procedures• Water samples
– Membrane filtration procedure• Fecal coliform• E. coli
• Soils– Samples were diluted with an equal
amount of sterile buffered water– Placed in a stomacher for 1 min at
200 rpm– Membrane filtration technique for
fecal coliform determination
DNA Fingerprinting• Plates with E. coli were selected for DNA
fingerprinting– Colonies from slurry application were used to
establish background database– Plates taken from sites A, B, and D– 2 to 4 colonies per plate were selected for DNA
ribotyping– Fingerprinting conducted by Institute of
Environmental Health in Seattle
Rainfall• December rainfall
– 0.5 inches in 24 hrs – 1.1 inches in 48 hrs – 1.5 inches in 72 hrs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
11/15/03 11/30/03 12/15/03 12/30/03 1/14/04 1/29/04 2/13/04
Cum
ulat
ive
rain
fall,
in
Manure Application12/12/03
Manure Application
1/27/04
Water Fecal Coliform December Application
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
10/26/03 11/15/03 12/5/03 12/25/03 1/14/04 2/3/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
ml
Site A - Application areaManure
Application12/12/03
WA State Fecal Coliform Std
Site A >5000 CFU/100 ml
12/14/03
Water Fecal Coliform December Application
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
10/26/03 11/15/03 12/5/03 12/25/03 1/14/04 2/3/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
ml
Site A - Application area
Site B - Downstream
Site A >5000 CFU/100 ml
12/14/03
Manure Application12/12/03
WA State Fecal Coliform Std
DNA FingerprintingDecember Application
Site # of isolates # from cattle % from cattleA 9 9 100B 22 18 82D 13 8 62
Total 44 35 80
Rainfall• December rainfall
– 0.5 inches in 24 hrs – 1.1 inches in 48 hrs – 1.5 inches in 72 hrs
• January rainfall– 0.3 inches in 24 hrs – 1.1 inches in 48 hrs – 2.2 inches in 72 hrs
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
11/15/03 11/30/03 12/15/03 12/30/03 1/14/04 1/29/04 2/13/04
Cum
ulat
ive
rain
fall,
in
Manure Application12/12/03
Manure Application
1/27/04
Water Fecal ColiformJanuary Application
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1/21/04 1/31/04 2/10/04 2/20/04 3/1/04 3/11/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
ml
Site F - Upstream
Manure Application
1/27/04
WA State Fecal Coliform Std
Water Fecal ColiformJanuary Application
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1/21/04 1/31/04 2/10/04 2/20/04 3/1/04 3/11/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
ml
Site E - Application site
Site F - Upstream
Manure Application
1/27/04
WA State Fecal Coliform Std
Water Fecal ColiformJanuary Application
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
1/21/04 1/31/04 2/10/04 2/20/04 3/1/04 3/11/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
ml
Site E - Application site
Site F - Upstream
Site A - Downstream
Manure Application
1/27/04
WA State Fecal Coliform Std
Soil Fecal ColiformDecember Application
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
11/30/03 12/10/03 12/20/03 12/30/03 1/9/04 1/19/04 1/29/04 2/8/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
g w
et s
oil
Plot X
Plot Y
Manure Application12/12/03
Soil Fecal ColiformDecember Application
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
11/30/03 12/10/03 12/20/03 12/30/03 1/9/04 1/19/04 1/29/04 2/8/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
g w
et s
oil
Plot XPlot YPlot Z
Manure Application12/12/03
Soil Fecal ColiformJanuary Application
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1/14/04 1/24/04 2/3/04 2/13/04 2/23/04 3/4/04 3/14/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
g w
et s
oil
Plot M
Plot N
Manure Application
1/27/04
Soil Fecal ColiformJanuary Application
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
1/14/04 1/24/04 2/3/04 2/13/04 2/23/04 3/4/04 3/14/04
Feca
l col
iform
, CFU
/100
g w
et s
oil
Plot MPlot NPlot O
Manure Application
1/27/04
Winter Application of Dairy Slurry
Transport of Nitrogen and Phosphorus to Surface Water
Nitrogen
NO3-N & NH4-N
December Application NO3-N
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
11/21/03 12/1/03 12/11/03 12/21/03 12/31/03
NO
3-N
, mg
kg-1
Site A - Application siteSite B - Downstream
January Application NO3-N
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
1/27/04 1/28/04 1/29/04 1/30/04 1/31/04 2/1/04 2/2/04 2/3/04
NO
3-N
, mg
kg-1
Site A - DownstreamSite E - Application siteSite F - Upstream
December Application NH4-N
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
11/21/03 12/1/03 12/11/03 12/21/03 12/31/03
NH
4-N
, mg
kg-1
Site A - Application site
Site B - Downstream
January Application NH4-N
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
1/27/04 1/28/04 1/29/04 1/30/04 1/31/04 2/1/04 2/2/04 2/3/04
NH
4-N
, mg
kg-1
Site A - DownstreamSite E - Application siteSite F - Upstream
Phosphorus
Total P
December Application Total P
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
11/21/03 12/1/03 12/11/03 12/21/03 12/31/03
Tota
l P, m
g kg
-1
Site A - Application siteSite B - Downstream
January Application Total P
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1/27/04 1/28/04 1/29/04 1/30/04 1/31/04 2/1/04 2/2/04 2/3/04
Tota
l P, m
g kg
-1
Site A - DownstreamSite E - Application siteSite F - Upstream
Questions?
