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8/8/2019 Aviation Fundamentals 1 - Flight
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Aviation Fundamentals
Session 1How Do Airplanes Fly?
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Forces Acting on an Airplane in Flight
LIFT
WEIGHT
THRUSTDRAG
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What causes the forces acting on the
airplane?
Weight Gravity
Thrust EnginesLift Wings and body shapeDrag Resistance from air
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How does a wing produce lift?
Wing is moving through air in this direction
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Pressure DifferentialCaused by air moving faster over top of wing
P Total
P Total = P Static + P Dynamic
P Static TOP
P Dynamic BOTTOM
P Dynamic TOP
P Static BOTTOM
P Static TOP < P Static BOTTOM P Dynamic TOP > P Dynamic BOTTOM
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LiftCaused by net upward force
Pressure acting on a surface produces a force.
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Angle of Attack
Chord
Relative Wind
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Angle of Attack
Relative Wind
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DownwashForce is required to change the direction of the air
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LiftResultant opposite force on wing
Lift Force
Downwash Force
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Lift Equation
Lift = V2 CL
A
density of air
V velocity of airflow
CL
coefficient of lift
A area of object
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StallAngle of attack is so large that wing stops producing sufficient lift
A stall can be induced atany airspeed, depending on theeffective weight of the airplane.
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Effective WeightBanking requires added g force, increasing effective weight.
Lift to support airplane basic weight
Lift to support
airplane effective weight
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Washout
1 > 2
2
1
Wing root stalls before wingtip
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Wing DihedralAdds stability in roll
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Lift Differential
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Sideslip Effect
1 2
1 > 2Therefore, additional lift is produced on the lower wing,
and the airplane tends to right itself.
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Changing Lift
Lift = V2 CL
A
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Changing Lift
Lift = V2 CL
A
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Changing Lift
Lift = V2 CL
A
Change Change wingprofile
Wing Flap
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Changing Lift
Lift = V2 CL
A
Change wingarea
Wing Flap
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Basic Flight ControlsChange airplane attitude by changing lift
Rudder
Ailerons
Elevators
Flaps
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Rudder
Yaw
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Ailerons
Roll
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Elevators
Pitch
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Drag
Power is required to force the airplane through the air.
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Drag Equation
Drag = V2 CD A
density of air
V velocity of airflow
CL
coefficient of drag
A area of object
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Sources of Drag
Parasite Drag
(Friction)
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Lift Force
Drag Force
Induced Drag(Drag due to Lift)
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Wave Drag
E N E R G Y E N E R G Y E N E R G Y E N E R G Y
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Reducing Wave Drag
Fineness
(Length/Width)
Greater curvature creates greater speed increase
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Airflow Airflow
Chord 1 Chord 2
Chord 2 > Chord 1
Wing 2 finer than Wing 1
Speed increases less over Wing 2
Airflow producing lift
BUT Lift is less
1 2
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Area Rule
Baseline Body Profile
Cross-section area must follow baseline body profile
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Area
Length
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Area
Length
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Pressure 2Pressure 1
Pressure 1 > Pressure 2
Base Drag
Net backward force (drag)
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Reducing Base Drag
P 1
P1 = P2
P1 > P2
P 2
P1P2
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Drag Curves
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Power Curves
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SpoilersOn large airplanes, used to modify lift and drag
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Aid in Descent
Drag
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Aid in Stopping
Drag
Weight on Wheels
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Questions?
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