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Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Astrometry for Astrophysics:
Methods, Models and Applications
William van Altena, editor
Yale University
28 chapters-28 co-authors
from 15 countries
1
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Micro
-arc
seco
nd A
stro
metry:
How
did w
e get th
ere
?
•Hippa
rcos
awak
ene
d the w
orld to th
e
scient
ific pot
ent
ial of
milli-arc
seco
nd
astrom
etry
–Ste
llar stru
ctur
e & evo
lution
, loca
l ga
lact
ic
stru
ctur
e and
kinemat
ics
•VERA & VLBA show
ed us th
at m
icro
-arc
seco
nd
radio astro
metry ca
n be don
e–
Dista
nce to th
e O
rion
cluster, pro
per mot
ions
in
jets
•Gaia & S
IM hav
e excite
d us with the
poss
ibility of
micro
-arc
seco
nd opt
ical
astrom
etry
–Galac
tic stru
ctur
e and
kinemat
ics on
a gra
nd
scale
–Definitive
cos
molog
ical dista
nce sca
les
–Mas
ses of
exop
lane
ts
2
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Insp
irat
ion fo
r Astro
met
ry for
Astro
phys
ics
•IAU S
ympo
sium
248, Shan
ghai, Oct
ober 2007
–Jin W
enjing -or
ganize
r
•Bro
ught to
geth
er lead
ers in virtua
lly all fields
of m
odern
astro
metry.
•Mos
t su
ccess
ful as
trom
etric con
fere
nce in
man
y ye
ars.
•The ins
pira
tion
for
this text:
–Than
k yo
u Jin W
enjing an
d the LOC!!
3
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
4
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Org
anizat
ion of
text
•Pa
rt I: Astro
metry in the twent
y-first ce
ntur
y (3
4 pp)
•Pa
rt II: Fou
ndat
ions
of as
trom
etry an
d celestial mech
anics (7
9 pp)
•Pa
rt III
: Obse
rving th
roug
h the atm
osph
ere
(77 pp)
•Pa
rt IV: Fro
m dete
cted phot
ons to
the celestial sp
here
(12
0 pp)
•Pa
rt V: App
lica
tion
s of
astro
metry to
top
ics in astro
phys
ics (7
5 pp)
5
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part I: Astro
metry in the twent
y-first ce
ntur
y
•Ch. 1
: Opp
ortu
nities an
d challeng
es
for as
trom
etry in the 21s
tce
ntur
y-
Michae
l Pe
rrym
an•
Mot
ivat
iona
l ch
apte
r on
why on
e
shou
ld stu
dy Astro
metry
•Ch 2: Astro
metric sat
ellites
-Lenn
art Lindegr
en
•Gaia, nan
o-JASMINE
•Ch 3: Gro
und-b
ased opp
ortu
nities fo
r as
trom
etry
-Nor
bert Z
achar
ias
•LSST
Gaia
Lar
ge S
ynop
tic Sur
vey Telesc
ope
6
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part II: Fou
ndat
ions
of as
trom
etry an
d celestial
mech
anics
•Ch 4: Vect
ors in astro
metry, an
introd
uction
-Lenn
art Lindegr
en
•Ch 5: Relativistic fou
ndat
ions
of
astrom
etry an
d celestial mech
anics
-Serg
ei Klion
er
-Bas
ics of
spe
cial and
gene
ral
relativity
•Ch 6: Celestial mech
anics of
the N
-bod
y pr
oblem
-Serg
ei Klion
er
-The two-bod
y to
N-b
ody pr
oblems,
pertur
bat
ion th
eor
y & relativity
in
the S
olar
Sys
tem.
Plan
etar
y mot
ions
Ligh
t-ra
y trajec
tory
Car
tesian
coo
rdinat
es of ain Z
7
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part II: Fou
ndat
ions
of as
trom
etry an
d celestial
mech
anics (con
tinu
ed)
•Ch 7: Celestial co
ordinat
e sys
tems
and pos
itions
-Nicole Cap
itaine
&
Mag
da Sta
vins
chi
-Coo
rdinat
e sys
tems an
d
tran
sfor
mat
ions
fro
m ICRS to
Obse
rved Place
s of
Sta
rs
•Ch 8: Fun
dam
ent
al algor
ithms fo
r ce
lestial co
ordinat
e sys
tems an
d
position
s-
Patrick W
allace
-Algor
ithms fo
r tran
sfor
mat
ions
fr
om ICRS to Obse
rved Place
s of
Sta
rsCat
alog
to ob
served
place
Celes
tial coo
rdinat
esC
AT
AL
OG
[]
• P
rop
er
mo
tion
, cata
log e
poch
to
J2
00
0
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
L C
EL
ES
TIA
L R
EF
ER
EN
CE
SY
ST
EM
[]
ep
och
J2
00
0
• P
rop
er
mo
tion
, J2
00
0 t
o d
ate
BA
RY
CE
NT
RIC
CE
LE
ST
IAL
RE
FE
RE
NC
E S
YS
TE
M [
] o
f d
ate
• A
nn
ual
para
lla
x
AS
TR
OM
ET
RIC
[]
• L
ig
ht
defl
ecti
on
• A
nn
ual
ab
err
ati
on
GE
OC
EN
TR
IC C
EL
ES
TIA
L R
EF
ER
EN
CE
SY
ST
EM
[]
• F
ra
me b
ias
• P
re
cess
ion
• N
ut
ati
on
CE
LE
ST
IAL
IN
TE
RM
ED
IAT
E R
EF
ER
EN
CE
SY
ST
EM
[]
• E
ar
th
rota
tio
n
TE
RR
ES
TIA
L I
NT
ER
ME
DIA
TE
RE
FE
RE
NC
E S
YS
TE
M [
]
• P
ola
r m
oti
on
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
L T
ER
RE
ST
RIA
L R
EF
ER
EN
CE
SY
ST
EM
[]
• S
ite
lon
git
ud
e
• D
iu
rn
al
aberr
ati
on a
nd
para
llax
TO
PO
CE
NT
RIC
[h
, ]
• E
qu
ato
rial
to h
ori
zo
n
TO
PO
CE
NT
RIC
[A
, E
]
• R
ef
racti
on
OB
SE
RV
ED
[A
, E
]
8
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part III
: Obse
rving th
roug
h the atm
osph
ere
•Ch 9: The Ear
th’s at
mos
phere
: re
frac
tion
, tu
rbulenc
e, delays
and
limitat
ions
to as
trom
etric pre
cision
–W
illiam
van
Altena
and
Edwar
d
Fom
alon
t•
Mod
els of th
e atm
osph
ere
and
refr
action
th
roug
h a tur
bulent
atm
osph
ere
in th
e
optica
l an
d rad
io.
•Ch 10: Astro
metry with gro
und-
bas
ed diffr
action
-lim
ited imag
ing
–And
rea Ghez
•Getting th
e ultim
ate reso
lution
fro
m you
r op
tics
•Tip-tilt an
d adap
tive
opt
ics co
rrect
ion
systems
Atm
osph
eric tur
bulen
ce & see
ing
Lase
r gu
ide star 9
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part III
: Obse
rving th
roug
h the atm
osph
ere
(co
nt.)
•Ch 11: O
ptical int
erf
ero
metry
–And
reas
Glind
eman
n•
Getting th
e ultim
ate reso
lution
: VLT, Keck
, CHARA, NPO
I,
PRIMA, …
•Ch 12: Rad
io astro
metry
–Edwar
d Fom
alon
t•
Theor
y an
d calibra
tion
of existing
sy
stems
•Con
nect
ed-element
, VLA, VLBI,
VLBA, VERA
White-lig
ht fr
inge
diffe
rent
ial delay
You
ng’s
ex
perimen
t
Rad
io int
erfe
romet
er array
10
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part IV: Fro
m dete
cted phot
ons to
the celestial sp
here
•Ch 13: Geom
etrical opt
ics an
d
astrom
etry
-Dan
iel Sch
roeder
•Theor
y an
d ray
tra
cing
in
refr
acting
and
reflect
ing op
tics
; ab
errat
ions
releva
nt to op
tica
l as
trom
etry
•Ch 14: CCD imag
ing dete
ctor
s-
Ste
ve H
owell
-Char
acte
ristics of
astro
nomical
CCDs an
d the ana
lysis of
their
dat
a.
•Ch 15: Using
CCDs in the tim
e-
delay inte
grat
ion mod
e-
Dav
id Rab
inow
itz
Geo
met
rica
l opt
ics & ray
tra
cing
CCD m
osaic ca
mer
a
Sloan
digital
sky su
rvey
11
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part IV: Fro
m dete
cted phot
ons to
the celestial sp
here
(con
tinu
ed)
•Ch 16: Sta
tistical astro
metry
-Ant
hon
y Bro
wn
-Select
ion eff
ect
s,
systemat
ics, cor
relate
d
error
s, biase
s-
Dat
a mod
eling
•Ch 17: Ana
lyzing
poo
rly sa
mpled
imag
es: H
ST imag
ing as
trom
etry
-Jay
And
erson
-Getting th
e m
axim
um cent
ering
pr
ecision
fro
m und
er-sa
mpled
imag
es.
HST poo
rly-sa
mpled
imag
e
Bay
esian luminos
ity ca
libra
tion
12
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part IV: Fro
m dete
cted phot
ons to
the celestial sp
here
(con
tinu
ed)
•Ch 18: Im
age deco
nvolut
ion
-Jor
ge N
úñ
ez
•Theor
y an
d noise
sou
rces.
•Po
tent
ial ga
in in pr
ecision
and
limiting mag
nitu
de.
•Ch 19: Fro
m m
eas
ures to
celestial
coor
dinat
es
-Zheng
-Hon
g Tan
g & W
illiam
van
Altena
-Gno
mon
ic to fo
cal plan
e calibra
tion
s-
Sear
ching fo
r an
d avo
iding
systemat
ic error
s.-
Exte
nding as
trom
etric calibra
tion
s
Raw
and
res
tore
d imag
es
Gno
mon
ic pro
ject
ion
13
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part IV: Fro
m dete
cted phot
ons to
the celestial sp
here
(con
tinu
ed)
•Ch 20: Astro
metric cat
alog
s:
conc
ept
, histo
ry and
ne
cessity
-Car
los López
•Ch 21: T
rigo
nometric
para
llax
es
-Fritz
Bene
dict &
Bar
bar
a McA
rthur
Gaia: Ceph
eids, RR Lyr
aes, the
Galac
tic Cent
er an
d the
Mag
ella
nic Cloud
s!
UCAC cat
alog
telesc
ope
Para
llact
icellip
se
14
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part V: App
lica
tion
s of
astro
metry to
top
ics in
astrop
hys
ics
•Ch 22: Galac
tic stru
ctur
e
astrom
etry
-René
Ménd
ez
•Kinemat
ical and
dyn
amical
stru
ctur
e•
Galac
tic ca
nnibalism
•Loc
al G
roup
of ga
laxies
•Ch 23: Binar
y an
d m
ultiple
star
s-
Elliott H
orch
•Ch 24: Binar
ies: H
ST,
Hippa
rcos
an
d G
aia
-Dim
itri Pou
rbaix
Mer
ging
strea
ms
15
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part V: App
lica
tion
s of
astro
metry to
top
ics in
astrop
hys
ics (con
tinu
ed)
•Ch 25: Sta
r clus
ters
-Iman
ts Plata
is•
Dista
nces
•Membership dete
rminat
ions
•Int
ern
al m
otion dete
rminat
ions
•Ch 26: Solar
Sys
tem astro
metry
-Fra
ncois Migna
rd–
Mov
ing ob
ject
astro
metry
•NEO’s, M
inor
plane
ts and
com
ets
•Algor
ithms
–Obse
rving in the glare
of a brigh
t plan
et
16
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Part V: App
lica
tion
s of
astro
metry to
top
ics in
astrop
hys
ics (con
tinu
ed)
•Ch 27: Extras
olar
plane
ts-
Alessan
dro
Soz
zetti
•Opt
ical astro
metry
•Rad
ial ve
locity
obse
rvat
ions
•Spa
ce-b
ased disco
very
(SIM,
Gaia, Kepler, …
)
•Ch 28: Astro
metric m
eas
urement
s an
d cos
molog
y-
Richar
d Eas
ther
-Con
stra
ining cr
itical cos
molog
ical
para
mete
rs.
Exop
lane
t disco
very
sp
ace
Cep
heid
dista
nce
scale
17
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
Ack
nowledge
ment
s•
Colleag
ues who pr
ovided us with m
any su
ggestions
fo
r th
is boo
k an
d the one
-semester co
urse
that
it
is design
ed for
. A
stro
metry fo
r Astro
phys
ics:
Meth
ods, M
odels, an
d A
pplica
tion
s.–
Coa
uthor
s, S
erg
ei Kop
eikin, Ana
Gom
ez, W
enjing Jin,
Ste
phen Unw
in, Cat
herine
Tur
on, Michae
l Efr
oimsk
y,
Kenn
eth
Seidelm
ann, S
teve
Majewsk
i an
d m
any ot
hers.
•NSF, NASA, ESA, & ESO, who pr
ovide us with
outsta
nding fa
cilities fo
r as
trom
etric rese
arch
.
18
Shan
ghai
, Septe
mber 2012
19
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