Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Astrometry for Astrophysics:

Methods, Models and Applications

William van Altena, editor

Yale University

28 chapters-28 co-authors

from 15 countries

1

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Micro

-arc

seco

nd A

stro

metry:

How

did w

e get th

ere

?

•Hippa

rcos

awak

ene

d the w

orld to th

e

scient

ific pot

ent

ial of

milli-arc

seco

nd

astrom

etry

–Ste

llar stru

ctur

e & evo

lution

, loca

l ga

lact

ic

stru

ctur

e and

kinemat

ics

•VERA & VLBA show

ed us th

at m

icro

-arc

seco

nd

radio astro

metry ca

n be don

e–

Dista

nce to th

e O

rion

cluster, pro

per mot

ions

in

jets

•Gaia & S

IM hav

e excite

d us with the

poss

ibility of

micro

-arc

seco

nd opt

ical

astrom

etry

–Galac

tic stru

ctur

e and

kinemat

ics on

a gra

nd

scale

–Definitive

cos

molog

ical dista

nce sca

les

–Mas

ses of

exop

lane

ts

2

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Insp

irat

ion fo

r Astro

met

ry for

Astro

phys

ics

•IAU S

ympo

sium

248, Shan

ghai, Oct

ober 2007

–Jin W

enjing -or

ganize

r

•Bro

ught to

geth

er lead

ers in virtua

lly all fields

of m

odern

astro

metry.

•Mos

t su

ccess

ful as

trom

etric con

fere

nce in

man

y ye

ars.

•The ins

pira

tion

for

this text:

–Than

k yo

u Jin W

enjing an

d the LOC!!

3

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

4

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Org

anizat

ion of

text

•Pa

rt I: Astro

metry in the twent

y-first ce

ntur

y (3

4 pp)

•Pa

rt II: Fou

ndat

ions

of as

trom

etry an

d celestial mech

anics (7

9 pp)

•Pa

rt III

: Obse

rving th

roug

h the atm

osph

ere

(77 pp)

•Pa

rt IV: Fro

m dete

cted phot

ons to

the celestial sp

here

(12

0 pp)

•Pa

rt V: App

lica

tion

s of

astro

metry to

top

ics in astro

phys

ics (7

5 pp)

5

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part I: Astro

metry in the twent

y-first ce

ntur

y

•Ch. 1

: Opp

ortu

nities an

d challeng

es

for as

trom

etry in the 21s

tce

ntur

y-

Michae

l Pe

rrym

an•

Mot

ivat

iona

l ch

apte

r on

why on

e

shou

ld stu

dy Astro

metry

•Ch 2: Astro

metric sat

ellites

-Lenn

art Lindegr

en

•Gaia, nan

o-JASMINE

•Ch 3: Gro

und-b

ased opp

ortu

nities fo

r as

trom

etry

-Nor

bert Z

achar

ias

•LSST

Gaia

Lar

ge S

ynop

tic Sur

vey Telesc

ope

6

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part II: Fou

ndat

ions

of as

trom

etry an

d celestial

mech

anics

•Ch 4: Vect

ors in astro

metry, an

introd

uction

-Lenn

art Lindegr

en

•Ch 5: Relativistic fou

ndat

ions

of

astrom

etry an

d celestial mech

anics

-Serg

ei Klion

er

-Bas

ics of

spe

cial and

gene

ral

relativity

•Ch 6: Celestial mech

anics of

the N

-bod

y pr

oblem

-Serg

ei Klion

er

-The two-bod

y to

N-b

ody pr

oblems,

pertur

bat

ion th

eor

y & relativity

in

the S

olar

Sys

tem.

Plan

etar

y mot

ions

Ligh

t-ra

y trajec

tory

Car

tesian

coo

rdinat

es of ain Z

7

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part II: Fou

ndat

ions

of as

trom

etry an

d celestial

mech

anics (con

tinu

ed)

•Ch 7: Celestial co

ordinat

e sys

tems

and pos

itions

-Nicole Cap

itaine

&

Mag

da Sta

vins

chi

-Coo

rdinat

e sys

tems an

d

tran

sfor

mat

ions

fro

m ICRS to

Obse

rved Place

s of

Sta

rs

•Ch 8: Fun

dam

ent

al algor

ithms fo

r ce

lestial co

ordinat

e sys

tems an

d

position

s-

Patrick W

allace

-Algor

ithms fo

r tran

sfor

mat

ions

fr

om ICRS to Obse

rved Place

s of

Sta

rsCat

alog

to ob

served

place

Celes

tial coo

rdinat

esC

AT

AL

OG

[]

• P

rop

er

mo

tion

, cata

log e

poch

to

J2

00

0

INT

ER

NA

TIO

NA

L C

EL

ES

TIA

L R

EF

ER

EN

CE

SY

ST

EM

[]

ep

och

J2

00

0

• P

rop

er

mo

tion

, J2

00

0 t

o d

ate

BA

RY

CE

NT

RIC

CE

LE

ST

IAL

RE

FE

RE

NC

E S

YS

TE

M [

] o

f d

ate

• A

nn

ual

para

lla

x

AS

TR

OM

ET

RIC

[]

• L

ig

ht

defl

ecti

on

• A

nn

ual

ab

err

ati

on

GE

OC

EN

TR

IC C

EL

ES

TIA

L R

EF

ER

EN

CE

SY

ST

EM

[]

• F

ra

me b

ias

• P

re

cess

ion

• N

ut

ati

on

CE

LE

ST

IAL

IN

TE

RM

ED

IAT

E R

EF

ER

EN

CE

SY

ST

EM

[]

• E

ar

th

rota

tio

n

TE

RR

ES

TIA

L I

NT

ER

ME

DIA

TE

RE

FE

RE

NC

E S

YS

TE

M [

]

• P

ola

r m

oti

on

INT

ER

NA

TIO

NA

L T

ER

RE

ST

RIA

L R

EF

ER

EN

CE

SY

ST

EM

[]

• S

ite

lon

git

ud

e

• D

iu

rn

al

aberr

ati

on a

nd

para

llax

TO

PO

CE

NT

RIC

[h

, ]

• E

qu

ato

rial

to h

ori

zo

n

TO

PO

CE

NT

RIC

[A

, E

]

• R

ef

racti

on

OB

SE

RV

ED

[A

, E

]

8

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part III

: Obse

rving th

roug

h the atm

osph

ere

•Ch 9: The Ear

th’s at

mos

phere

: re

frac

tion

, tu

rbulenc

e, delays

and

limitat

ions

to as

trom

etric pre

cision

–W

illiam

van

Altena

and

Edwar

d

Fom

alon

t•

Mod

els of th

e atm

osph

ere

and

refr

action

th

roug

h a tur

bulent

atm

osph

ere

in th

e

optica

l an

d rad

io.

•Ch 10: Astro

metry with gro

und-

bas

ed diffr

action

-lim

ited imag

ing

–And

rea Ghez

•Getting th

e ultim

ate reso

lution

fro

m you

r op

tics

•Tip-tilt an

d adap

tive

opt

ics co

rrect

ion

systems

Atm

osph

eric tur

bulen

ce & see

ing

Lase

r gu

ide star 9

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part III

: Obse

rving th

roug

h the atm

osph

ere

(co

nt.)

•Ch 11: O

ptical int

erf

ero

metry

–And

reas

Glind

eman

n•

Getting th

e ultim

ate reso

lution

: VLT, Keck

, CHARA, NPO

I,

PRIMA, …

•Ch 12: Rad

io astro

metry

–Edwar

d Fom

alon

t•

Theor

y an

d calibra

tion

of existing

sy

stems

•Con

nect

ed-element

, VLA, VLBI,

VLBA, VERA

White-lig

ht fr

inge

diffe

rent

ial delay

You

ng’s

ex

perimen

t

Rad

io int

erfe

romet

er array

10

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part IV: Fro

m dete

cted phot

ons to

the celestial sp

here

•Ch 13: Geom

etrical opt

ics an

d

astrom

etry

-Dan

iel Sch

roeder

•Theor

y an

d ray

tra

cing

in

refr

acting

and

reflect

ing op

tics

; ab

errat

ions

releva

nt to op

tica

l as

trom

etry

•Ch 14: CCD imag

ing dete

ctor

s-

Ste

ve H

owell

-Char

acte

ristics of

astro

nomical

CCDs an

d the ana

lysis of

their

dat

a.

•Ch 15: Using

CCDs in the tim

e-

delay inte

grat

ion mod

e-

Dav

id Rab

inow

itz

Geo

met

rica

l opt

ics & ray

tra

cing

CCD m

osaic ca

mer

a

Sloan

digital

sky su

rvey

11

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part IV: Fro

m dete

cted phot

ons to

the celestial sp

here

(con

tinu

ed)

•Ch 16: Sta

tistical astro

metry

-Ant

hon

y Bro

wn

-Select

ion eff

ect

s,

systemat

ics, cor

relate

d

error

s, biase

s-

Dat

a mod

eling

•Ch 17: Ana

lyzing

poo

rly sa

mpled

imag

es: H

ST imag

ing as

trom

etry

-Jay

And

erson

-Getting th

e m

axim

um cent

ering

pr

ecision

fro

m und

er-sa

mpled

imag

es.

HST poo

rly-sa

mpled

imag

e

Bay

esian luminos

ity ca

libra

tion

12

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part IV: Fro

m dete

cted phot

ons to

the celestial sp

here

(con

tinu

ed)

•Ch 18: Im

age deco

nvolut

ion

-Jor

ge N

úñ

ez

•Theor

y an

d noise

sou

rces.

•Po

tent

ial ga

in in pr

ecision

and

limiting mag

nitu

de.

•Ch 19: Fro

m m

eas

ures to

celestial

coor

dinat

es

-Zheng

-Hon

g Tan

g & W

illiam

van

Altena

-Gno

mon

ic to fo

cal plan

e calibra

tion

s-

Sear

ching fo

r an

d avo

iding

systemat

ic error

s.-

Exte

nding as

trom

etric calibra

tion

s

Raw

and

res

tore

d imag

es

Gno

mon

ic pro

ject

ion

13

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part IV: Fro

m dete

cted phot

ons to

the celestial sp

here

(con

tinu

ed)

•Ch 20: Astro

metric cat

alog

s:

conc

ept

, histo

ry and

ne

cessity

-Car

los López

•Ch 21: T

rigo

nometric

para

llax

es

-Fritz

Bene

dict &

Bar

bar

a McA

rthur

Gaia: Ceph

eids, RR Lyr

aes, the

Galac

tic Cent

er an

d the

Mag

ella

nic Cloud

s!

UCAC cat

alog

telesc

ope

Para

llact

icellip

se

14

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part V: App

lica

tion

s of

astro

metry to

top

ics in

astrop

hys

ics

•Ch 22: Galac

tic stru

ctur

e

astrom

etry

-René

Ménd

ez

•Kinemat

ical and

dyn

amical

stru

ctur

e•

Galac

tic ca

nnibalism

•Loc

al G

roup

of ga

laxies

•Ch 23: Binar

y an

d m

ultiple

star

s-

Elliott H

orch

•Ch 24: Binar

ies: H

ST,

Hippa

rcos

an

d G

aia

-Dim

itri Pou

rbaix

Mer

ging

strea

ms

15

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part V: App

lica

tion

s of

astro

metry to

top

ics in

astrop

hys

ics (con

tinu

ed)

•Ch 25: Sta

r clus

ters

-Iman

ts Plata

is•

Dista

nces

•Membership dete

rminat

ions

•Int

ern

al m

otion dete

rminat

ions

•Ch 26: Solar

Sys

tem astro

metry

-Fra

ncois Migna

rd–

Mov

ing ob

ject

astro

metry

•NEO’s, M

inor

plane

ts and

com

ets

•Algor

ithms

–Obse

rving in the glare

of a brigh

t plan

et

16

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Part V: App

lica

tion

s of

astro

metry to

top

ics in

astrop

hys

ics (con

tinu

ed)

•Ch 27: Extras

olar

plane

ts-

Alessan

dro

Soz

zetti

•Opt

ical astro

metry

•Rad

ial ve

locity

obse

rvat

ions

•Spa

ce-b

ased disco

very

(SIM,

Gaia, Kepler, …

)

•Ch 28: Astro

metric m

eas

urement

s an

d cos

molog

y-

Richar

d Eas

ther

-Con

stra

ining cr

itical cos

molog

ical

para

mete

rs.

Exop

lane

t disco

very

sp

ace

Cep

heid

dista

nce

scale

17

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

Ack

nowledge

ment

s•

Colleag

ues who pr

ovided us with m

any su

ggestions

fo

r th

is boo

k an

d the one

-semester co

urse

that

it

is design

ed for

. A

stro

metry fo

r Astro

phys

ics:

Meth

ods, M

odels, an

d A

pplica

tion

s.–

Coa

uthor

s, S

erg

ei Kop

eikin, Ana

Gom

ez, W

enjing Jin,

Ste

phen Unw

in, Cat

herine

Tur

on, Michae

l Efr

oimsk

y,

Kenn

eth

Seidelm

ann, S

teve

Majewsk

i an

d m

any ot

hers.

•NSF, NASA, ESA, & ESO, who pr

ovide us with

outsta

nding fa

cilities fo

r as

trom

etric rese

arch

.

18

Shan

ghai

, Septe

mber 2012

19