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AREPGAW
WMO Global Atmosphere Watch(GAW)
Programme
Liisa Jalkanen, ChiefAtmospheric Environment Research (AER) Division
WMO Secretariat
AREPGAW
World Meteorological Organization
Independent technical UN agency
187 Members manage through WMO Congress and Executive Council
Secretariat in Geneva (staff 290)
Technical Departments
Observing and Information Systems (OBS)
Climate and Water (CLW)
Weather and Disaster Risk Reduction Services (WDS)
Research (RES) Atmospheric Research and Environment Branch (ARE)
Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER)
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
AREPGAW
What is GAW?• WMO/GAW was established 1989 by merging GO3OS and
BAPMoN, after the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and establishment of IPCC by WMO and UNEP in 1988.
• GAW focuses on global long-term networks for GHGs, ozone, UV, aerosols, selected reactive gases, and precipitation chemistry.
• GAW is a partnership involving contributors from 80 countries.
• GAW is coordinated by the Atmospheric Environment Research Division (AER) of WMO/RES.
• Currently GAW coordinates activities and data from 24 Global stations, 200 Regional stations, and 19 Contributing stations
AREPGAW
New GAW Strategic Plan (GSP)
For years 2008 – 2015
Published summer 2007
AREPGAW
MONITORING THEMES
• Stratospheric Ozone
• Tropospheric Ozone
• Greenhouse Gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, CFCs,)
• Reactive Gases (CO, VOC, NOy, SO2)
• Precipitation Chemistry
• Aerosols (chemical, physical, AOD)
• UV Radiation
• (Natural Radionuclides, Rn222, Be7, 14CO)
AREPGAW
Expert GroupsChapter 2.3
AdministrationManagement
Chapter 2.5
CentralFacilities
Chapter 2.4
ObservingSystems
Chapter 3
Users & Applications
OPAG EPACJSSC
Scientifc Advisory GroupsOzone | UV | GHG | RG | PC
Aerosols | GURME
WMO/GAWSecretariat
IGACO OfficesOzone/UV | GHG | Air Quality | Aerosols
QA/SACsWCCs | RCCs
CCLs
Contributing Networks
GAW StationsGlobal | Regional
Contributing
WDCs & GAWSISWOUDC | WDCGG | WDCA
WRDC | WDCPC | WDC-RSAT
SatellitesAircraft
Parties to theConventionsUNFCCC | Vienna C.
SystemsGEOSS | GCOS
GMES | …
ProgramsIGAC | SOLAS
iLEAPS | …
ResearchProjects
NM
HS
s
ET-WDC
Operational Centers
Expert GroupsChapter 2.3
AdministrationManagement
Chapter 2.5
CentralFacilities
Chapter 2.4
ObservingSystems
Chapter 3
Users & Applications
OPAG EPACJSSC
Scientifc Advisory GroupsOzone | UV | GHG | RG | PC
Aerosols | GURME
WMO/GAWSecretariat
IGACO OfficesOzone/UV | GHG | Air Quality | Aerosols
QA/SACsWCCs | RCCs
CCLs
Contributing Networks
GAW StationsGlobal | Regional
Contributing
WDCs & GAWSISWOUDC | WDCGG | WDCA
WRDC | WDCPC | WDC-RSAT
SatellitesAircraft
Parties to theConventionsUNFCCC | Vienna C.
SystemsGEOSS | GCOS
GMES | …
ProgramsIGAC | SOLAS
iLEAPS | …
ResearchProjects
NM
HS
s
ET-WDC
Operational Centers
Components of the GAW Programme
AREPGAW QA/QC in GAW
Scientific Advisory Groups (SAGs)
Quality Assurance/Science Activity Centres (QA/SACs)
World Calibration Centres (WCCs)
World Data Centres (WDCs)
GAW stations: primary responsibility for generated data
Instrument calibrations
Instrument intercomparisons
Station audits
Laboratory comparisons
Training
AREPGAW Central Calibration Laboratories
{Hosts of WMO World Reference Standards}
• CO2, CH4, N2O, CO NOAA CMDL USA
• Total Ozone NOAA CMDL USA DobsonMSC, Canada Brewer
MGO, Russia M124
• Ozone Sondes FZ-Juelich, Germany
• In Situ Ozone NIST USA
• Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH
World or Regional Calibration Centres{Linking Observations to World Reference Standards and Ensuring Network
Comparability}• Total Ozone 6 Regional Dobson Centres
1 Regional EU Brewer Centre
1 Brewer travelling standard
• Ozone Sondes FZ-Julich, Germany
• In Situ O3, CO, CH4 EMPA, Switzerland
• CO2 , CH4, N2O NOAA CMDL USA
• N2O , VOC IMK-IFU Garmisch Germany
• Aerosol Optical Depth WORCC, Davos, CH
• Aerosol physical IFT, Leipzig, Germany
• Precip. Chemistry SUNY Albany USA
AREPGAW GAW Station Information System
…GAWSIS Online - comprehensive information on all GAW stations
• Database • Search / Update • Inventory / Audit
(Supported by Switzerland)
40
0
South Pole
Point Barrow
Mauna Loa
Alert
Pallas-Sodankylä
Minamitorishima
Kenya
Assekrem -Tamanrasset
Arembepe
Ushuaia
Izana
Amsterdam IslandCape Grim
Cape Point
Samoa
Ny Ålesund
Lauder
Mace Head
40
80
40
0
40
80
160 80 0 80 160
Nov. 2005
Zugspitze-Hohenpeissenberg
Mt Waliguan
Neumayer Station
Bukit Koto Tabang
Jungfraujoch
GLOBAL STATIONS IN GAW
Danum Valley
AREPGAW Data Application
Data analysis and distributionGAWSIS, WDCs, Stations
Assessments and data application• Conventions: Vienna, UNFCC, LRTAP
•Ozone assessments with UNEP, NOAA, EU, NASA•Antarctic ozone hole bulletin•Total ozone maps over Northern Hemisphere
• Greenhouse gas bulletins, IPCC• Use in model validation• Integration of GAW data with satellite observations • Workshops on data analysis and interpretation
Studies, research projects• National, regional and global studies• Attract research projects to GAW stations
Annual Greenhouse Gas BulletinsWMO
Greenhouse Gas Bulletin The State of Greenhouse Gases in the AtmosphereUsing Global Observations up to December 2004
Executive summaryThe latest analysis of data from the WMO-GAW Global Greenhouse Gas Monitoring Network shows that the globally averaged atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have all reached new highs in 2004 with CO2 at 377.1 ppm, CH4 at 1783 ppb, and N2O at 318.6 ppb. These value are higher than those in pre-industrial times by 35%, 155%, and 18% respectively. Atmospheric growth rates of these gases are consistent with previous years, though CH4 growth has slowed during the past decade. The NOAA Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (AGGI) shows that from 1990 to 2004 the total atmosphericradiative forcing by all long-lived greenhouse gases has increased by 20%.
Global Atmosphere Watch
WMO
No. 1
GAW Global CO2 network
Greenhouse gas calibrations
Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Group (CCGG) at NOAA CMDL WMO Central CO2 Laboratory (CCL) Activities for
over 20 years, “WMO CO2 Experts” meetings
Number of CO2 calibrations that differ from NOAA by:
1991-1992 1995-1997 1999-2000
< 0.10 ppm 13 32 44
> 0.25 20 5 5
AREPGAW WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins
An example of a need for integrated products in near-real time
Every Two Weeks Aug to Nov + Summary in Dec/Jan
http://www.wmo.int/web/arep/ozone.html
GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment GURME project
AREPGAW
UV activities
AREPGAW
SAG-UV
• Ann Webb (Chair)• Susana Diaz• Vitali Fioletov• Jay Herman• Serm Janjai• Berit Kjeldstad• Gunther Seckmeyer• Betsy Weatherhead• Liisa Jalkanen (WMO)
Next meeting:August 2008 at IRS2008
Last meetings:Toronto, Oct. 2005Buenos Aires, Nov. 2003
AREPGAW Measurements
• Spectral (< 1 nm)• Multifilter (~ 10 nm)• Broadband (usually erythemally weighted)
• Within each instrument class there are different makes and models with differing characteristics
AREPGAW
Data
• Data are submitted to WOUDC in Toronto• At present the database contains
predominantly spectral data, much of it from Brewer spectrometers
• There are many UV sites that are not directly associated with GAW and do not submit data to WOUDC
• Much European data in EUVDB at FMI
AREPGAW Current Products and Services
• Guideline documents for different types of UV instruments and for QA/QC of measurements
• Data sets provided through WOUDC
• Provision of erythemally effective UV, i.e., the UV Index
• Provision of UV Index forecasts for the public by NMHSs
• Calibration services for North America and Europe
• Instrument inter-comparisons for the quality and harmonization of measurements.
Future Products and Services
In addition to above
• Improved data availability to users especially due to more available broadband data sets
• Improved accessibility of satellite data for any specified site
• Globally linked calibration services in different regions
• SOPs for all instrument types.
AREPGAW
Ozone activities
AREPGAW
Some ozone measurements history
• Regular measurements for total ozone started in 1926 when 6 Dobson spectrophotometers were deployed around the world
• In conjunction with the International Geophysical Year (IGY) in 1957, WMO assumed responsibility for the establishment of the Global Ozone Observing System (GO3OS) network, standard procedures were adopted for uniform total ozone measurements
• In 1989 GO3OS merged together with BaPMon to form GAW
GAW GLOBAL TOTAL COLUMN OZONE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data
The symbols represent different instrument types.
Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.
GAW GLOBAL OZONE SONDE NETWORK: 2001- 2004Stations Submitting Data To WOUDC
The red triangles represent sites of GAW Contributing partner NASA/SHADOZ
Compliments of WOUDC, MSC, Toronto {Ed Hare Manager}.
AREPGAW
WMO GAW Ozone SAG
• Johannes Stähelin, Chair• Frank Baier• Robert Evans• Jack Fishman• Sophie Godin-Beekmann• Edward Hare• Ulf Köhler• Tom McElroy• Koji Miyagawa• Alberto Redondas Marrero• Herman Smit• Richard Stolarski• René Stübi• Johanna Tamminen• Karel Vanicek• Mark Weber• Geir Braathen, WMO
AREPGAW Goal GAW stratospheric total ozone: Measurement of changes with
sufficient precision to determine the effects of human activity, which involves
• Maintaining networks of high quality total ozone measurements based on Dobson and Brewer spectrophotometers with transparent calibration histories
• Making best use of this information for validation of satellite ozone observations
• Providing quality control of ground stations by comparison with long-term satellite data records (data gaps, correction of jumps, etc.)
• Documenting the data quality of satellite and ground-based data records for the users
• Improving the characterization of the small but distinct differences between Dobson and Brewer total ozone measurements and between different UV measuring satellite instruments
• Submitting Level 0 data and associated calibration information to the WOUDC
• Conduct a pilot project for ozone involving NRT exchange of data.
AREPGAW Goals GAW Ozone Profile Measurements
• Operate a world wide network of ozone sonde stations to provide data of known quality according to GAW QA/QC guidelines
• Document adequately important properties and data quality of ozone sonde data deposited at WOUDC, including the characterization of individual series in a simple way for the users by data quality indicators
• Operate a well maintained network of stations providing Umkehr measurements from Dobson and Brewer instruments
• Process routinely Umkehr measurements of Dobson and Brewer instruments deposited at WOUDC by a well tested retrieval algorithm
• Continue cooperative relationships with NDACC, SHADOZ and NILU to integrate lidar and microwave measurements into a global (possibly virtual) database of ground-based vertical ozone profile data sets.
AREPGAW Demand for high quality (total) ozone observations:
(i) Ozone trends caused by ozone depleting substances (CFCs);
(ii) validation of satellite measurements.
AREPGAW Relative differences between the Dobson
instruments and compared station instruments during the initial calibrations of the intercomparisons
since 1969 (from Koehler et al., 2005).
AREPGAW
Brewer instrument (basically same design as Dobson instrument but completely automated)commercially available since middle of 1980s (Arosa, Switzerland, operated by MeteoSwiss)
D101 installed in 1968 and D62 in 1992
B40 installed in 1992, B72 in 1994 and B156 in 1998
AREPGAW Stability of the triad of Brewer instruments defining the primary Brewer total
ozone scale operated at MSC in Toronto (from Fioletov et al., 2005), calibrated by Langley plot calibration at Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii)European calibration center (Meteorological Inst. Spain (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologica)): triad of Brewer instruments operated in Izana (Tenerife), also performing Langley plot calibration
AREPGAW
However:
• The quality of measurements at several stations archived at WOUDC needs improvement
• Action: Systematic comparison of ground-based Dobson and Brewer data with ozone satellite measurements to
(i) (officially) identify suspicious (periods) of measurements;
(ii) inform these stations and ask for revisions based on advice of experts;
(iii) (improve) public documentation of intercomparison results at WOUDC;
(iv) flagging of suspicious data (periods) at WOUDC• Only limited accuracy when transferring calibration scale from
one to another instrument (± 0.5 %).
Observations:All Sources
Global Products
Geir BraathenIntegrated Global Ozone Observations: IGACO-Ozone
World Integrated Data Archive
System:Includes WOUDC Reanalysis
Assimilation of Real-Time Data
By Forecast Models
GAW Calibration &
Quality Assurance
Data Uses/Applications1. Public UV Warnings2. Public Ozone Bulletins3. Research4. Scientific Assessments 5. Forecasts of Ozone Depletion6. Improved Weather Forecast
Aircraft: GAW & MOZAIC
Surface-based: GAW
Satellite:WMO Space Programme
WMO Real-Time Data Distribution:Weather Information System (WIS)
AREPGAW
Collaboration is critical for success!
AREPGAW
Extra slides
AREPGAW
Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
• Systematic monitoring of atmospheric
chemical and physical parameters globally
• Analysis and assessment
• Development of predictive capability
AREPGAW
AREPGAW
Role of SAG-ozone
Advice for reliable ground based ozone measurements of known data quality to be published in WOUDC (Toronto, Canada) („homework“).
Methods- SOPs, DQOs, Intercomparisons with reference instruments
(similar to „audits“), documentation (WOUDC), recomendations
New Challenge: Implementation of IGACO-O3/UV
- integration of satellite and regular air craft measurements, data assimilation
- interactions with science community
AREPGAW
Future priorities
Scientific questions• Ozone at UT/LS (strong greenhouse gas) • Total ozone measurements at polar sites • Controversy regarding seasonal variation in total ozone: Dobson similar
to TOMS, Brewer similar to GOME and SCHIAMACHY (temperature dependence of ozone cross sections)
• Ozone sonde measurements: Normalization by total ozone, background current
Other activities• Closer colaboration with NDACC and others: different groups without
interactions: for total ozone (UV/VIS and DOAS in NDACC), ozone sondes (NDACC, SHADOZ), upper stratosphere (Umkehr, microwave, LIDAR, FTIR)
• NRT delivery Implementation of IGACO-O3/UV (in addition to groundbased
measurements: satellite, regular aircraft, data assimilation, numerical simulations)- Interactions with science community via IGACO-O3/UV
AREPGAW
AREPGAW
AREPGAW
AREPGAW
GAW Central FacilitiesVariable QA/SAC
Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL)Host of Primary
Standard
World Calibration Centre
(WCC)
Regional Calibration Centre
(RCC)World
Data Centre (WDC)
CO2JMA (A/O) ESRL ESRL JMA
CH4Empa (Am, E/A)
JMA (A/O) ESRL Empa (Am, E/A)JMA (A/O) JMA
N2O UBA ESRL IMK-IFU JMA
CFCs JMA
Total Ozone JMA (A/O) ESRL1, Environment Canada2
ESRL1, Environment Canada2
BoM1, ESRL1, IZO2 JMA1, MOHp1, MGO3, OCBA1,
SAWB1, SOO-HK1
Environment Canada5, DLR6
Ozone Sondes FZ-Jülich FZ-Jülich FZ-Jülich Environment Canada
Surface Ozone Empa NIST Empa OCBA, SOO-HK JMA
Precipitation Chemistry ASRC-SUNY ISWS ASRC-SUNY ASRC-SUNY
CO Empa ESRL Empa JMA
VOC UBA IMK-IFU JMA
SO2JMA
NOxJMA
Aerosol IfT (Physical Properties) JRC5, DLR6
Optical Depth PMOD/WRC4 PMOD/WRC JRC
UV RadiationESRL (Am)
Environment Canada
Solar Radiation PMOD/WRC PMOD/WRC MGO
GHGs
Combining Air Chemistry, Meteorology and Climate Research
Aerosols & DustSevere Storms
Process Studies, Modelling
Observations
O3
Air Pollution
Climate Change & Prediction
Weather Prediction
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