Arabidopsis flower sepal stamen carpel petal. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 11 *

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Arabidopsis flower

sepal

stamen

carpel

petal

1

23

4

5

6

7 8

9

10

12

13

11

*

1 2 3 4

sepal petal stamencarpel

1 2 3 4A A

1 2 3 4B B

1 2 3 4C C

B

A C C A

B

carp

el

pet

al

pet

al

stam

en

stam

en

sep

al

sep

al

1 12 23 34

A = sepals

A + B = petals

C = carpels

B + C = stamens

Bowman and Meyerowitz, 1991

ABC Model

normal flower

B B

C C C C

B

normal A mutant

stam

en

stam

en

stam

en

stam

en

carp

el

carp

el

sep

al

sep

al

carp

el

carp

el

B

A C C A

pet

al

pet

al

stam

en

stam

en

A mutant

sepals are replaced by carpels

B

A C C A

B

normal B mutant

A C C A

sep

al

sep

al

pet

al

pet

alst

amen

stam

en

carp

el

sep

al

sep

al

sep

al

sep

al

carp

el

carp

el

carp

el

B mutant

petals arereplacedby sepals

B

A C C A

B

normal C mutant

B

A A A A

Bsep

al

sep

al

pet

al

pet

alst

amen

stam

en

carp

el

sep

al

sep

al

pet

al

pet

alp

etal

pet

al

*

C mutant

stamens arereplaced by

petals

C mutant

carpels arereplaced bya new flower

normal BC mutantse

pal

sep

al

pet

al

pet

alst

amen

stam

en

carp

el

BB

A C C A

A A A A

sep

al

sep

al

sep

al

sep

alse

pal

sep

al

*

BC double mutant

all organsare sepals

normal ABC mutantse

pal

sep

al

pet

al

pet

alst

amen

stam

en

carp

el

BB

A C C A

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf

leaf*

ABC triple mutant

all organsare leaves

“Flower organs are modified leaves.”

Goethe, 1790

The C gene is active in cells that will form stamens and carpels

petal

sepalcarpel

leaf

sepalstamen

What would happen if the C gene was mis-expressedin cells that would normally form sepals?

petal

sepalcarpel

leaf

sepalstamen

ON/OFFstamens and carpels

C GENECODING REGION

sepalsadd sepal on/off switch:

remove on/off switch:

B

normal

stam

en

stam

en

carp

el

sep

al

sep

al

B

A C C A

pet

al

pet

al

Ectopic B activity

A C C A

B B

stam

en

stam

en

sep

al

sep

al

pet

al

pet

al

stam

en

Ectopic B activity

pet

al

pet

al

pet

al

pet

alst

amen

stam

enst

amen

A C C A

BB

Ectopic Bactivity

Ectopic B and C activity

stam

en

stam

en

stam

en

stam

enst

amen

stam

enst

amen

BB

C C

Ectopic B and C activity

Ectopic A and B activityin C mutant

pet

al

pet

al

pet

al

pet

alp

etal

pet

al *

BB

AA

Ectopic A and B activity in a C mutant

apetala1 mutant

B mutant

petals arereplacedby sepals

A mutant

sepals are replaced by carpels

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