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2/19/2018
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Aquaponics Basics
February 13, 2018
Hye-Ji Kim
Assistant Professor of Sustainable Horticulture Crop Production
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“Aquaponics” The Future Farming System
Aquaponics is a sustainable food production system that combineshydroponics with aquaculture in a symbiotic environment.
Aquaculture Hydroponics
+
Aquaponics is a major form of “organic hydroponics (bioponics)”
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Problems with Each System
Rearing‐tank water has to be discharged at 10‐20% of total volume per day. The discharged water becomes a pollutant.
Commercial fertilizers are expensive Solution has to be replaced periodically Disposal/runoff is problematic Nutrient concentration, pH, EC all have
to be monitored, adjusted, controlled. Recirculating systems prone to disease.
Tilapia in an aquaculture tank
Aquaculture Hydroponics
+
Water quality management is a challenge. Fish feeds are not designed for plants. Lack of scientific information
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Source: http://m.zhongzi.net/en/news/1719.htmSource: Aquaponics: a brief history
https://www.milkwood.net/2014/01/20/aquaponics‐a‐brief‐history/
Mari’s Gardens, HIUVI aquponic system
Source: http://www.pentair.com
Urban Organics, MN
Green Sky Growers, FL
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Air pump
Water pump
Grow bed
Fish tank
Sediment tank
Biofilter
Schematic diagram of an aquaponics system
①
③
②
④
⑤
① Fish are fed fish meal andproduce ammonia rich waste. Toomuch ammonia is toxic for thefish, but they can withstand highlevels of nitrates.
② The nitrifying bacteria breaksdown ammonia into nitrites andthen nitrates. Plants take in theconverted nitrate as nutrients.
③ Plants take in the convertednitrate as nutrients. Through thisaction, the plants purify water forthe fish.
④ Oxygen enters the systemthrough an air pump. This oxygenis essential for plant growth andfish survival.
⑤Water moves around the systemby the action of water pump.
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Aquaponics Basics
Types of Aquaponics
Closed System: Recirculating or Coupled System Open System: Drain to Waste or Decoupled System
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Nutrient Film Techniques (NFT)Nutrient Film Techniques (NFT)
Substrate-base: Open (Drain to Waste) System
Water base: Closed (Recirculating) System
Types of Aquaponics: Water vs. Substrate-base
Drip irrigationDrip irrigation
Gravels, Coco Coir CroutonsGravels, Coco Coir Croutons
Clay‐ballsClay‐balls
Lava‐rocksLava‐rocks
Deep water culture “Raft” systemDeep water culture “Raft” system
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Closed (Recirculating) system
Types of Hydroponics: Open vs. Closed
Closed systems use 20–40% less water and fertilizer than open systems Consistent monitoring and maintenance of electrical conductivity (EC) and pH is required.
e.g. deep water culture, NFT, aeroponics
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Aquaponics Basics
Components of Aquaponics• Plants• Fish• Microbes
Types of Aquaponics
• Growing Media
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Plants do well in aquaponics
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Plants do well in aquaponics
Leafy vegetables
Fruit vegetables
Root vegetables
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Plants for AquaponicsLeafy
vegetablesFruit vegetables Root vegetables Flowers
Arugula Parsley Beans Beets Broccoli
Basil Spinach Cucumbers Carrots Cauliflower
Cabbage Swiss chard Eggplant Onions
Chive Watercress Okra Radishes Edible flowers
Kale Peas Ornamentals
Leek Amaranth Peppers
Lettuce Chia Strawberries
Mint Microgreens Squash
Mizuna Tomato
Mustard greens
Pak choi
• Deep water system (DWS)• NFT system• Substrate‐based system
• Substrate‐based system• High‐nutrients‐requirements
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Fish for AquaponicsTilapia Trout Catfish Bass Goldfish Koi Pacu
Edible yes yes yes yes no no maybe
Temperature (C) 16-35 2-20 2-32 4-32 2-32 2-32 16-35
Optimal Temperature (C)
23-27 13-18 24-30 23-27 18-24 18-24 23-27
Carnivorous or omnivorous
omnivorous carnivorous omnivorous carnivorous omnivorous omnivorous omnivorous
Mature size 1.5lb 0.8 lb 1.25 lb 1-3 lb 4” 20 lb 60 lb
Duration to reach maturity
9-12months
12 months 12-18 months
15-18 months
3 yrs 3 yrs 4 yrs
Oxygenrequirement
low high low low low low low
Adapted from Aquaponic Gardening (2011).
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Substrate choice for hydroponic seedling production
Substrates Synthetic media(plugs, cubes, and blocks)Organic
componentsMineral
componentsConventional hydroponics
peat mosscoco coirsandsawdustrice hulls
perliteVermiculiteClay pebbles
• polymer bound plugs (e.g. peat pellets, coir pellets, composted organic material plugs, Oasis Horticubes, urethane foam plugs)
• Rockwool cubes & blocks• coco coir cubes and blocks
Types of Growing Media
Good physical contact with seeds
Source: http://www.wheatgrasskits.com/product/PPPeat pelletsOasis HorticubesSubstrate mixture
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Types of AquaponicsComponents of AquaponicsAquaponics Management
• Water Quality• Nutrients• Other Considerations
Aquaponics Basics
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Aquaponics Management: Water Quality
NitrateTAN Nitrite
Water source Temperature pH DO (Dissolved oxygen)
TAN (Total Ammonia Nitrogen) Nitrite (NO2
‐) Nitrate (NO3
‐)
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Plants
Fish
Microbes
Aquaponics Management: Water QualityThe pH
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The ideal compromise for aquaponics is necessary for the key water quality parameters.
Aquaponics Management: Water Quality
Adapted from Small‐scale aquaponic food production. FAO (2014).
General Water Quality Parameters for Individual Organism
Organism Type Temperature (°C)
pH Ammonium (mg/L)
Nitrite (mg/L)
Nitrate (mg/L)
DO (mg/L)
PlantsWarm‐season
Cool‐season
FishWarm‐water
Cold‐water
Microbes
Ideal Water Quality Parameters for Aquaponics
Aquaponics 20‐30 7 < 1 < 1 5‐150 > 5
24‐305.5‐6.5 < 30 < 1 ‐ > 3
10‐24
22‐32 6‐8.5 < 3 < 1 < 400 4‐6
10‐18 6‐8.5 < 1 < 0.1 < 400 6‐8
25‐30 7.3‐8.0 < 3 < 3 ‐ 4‐8
Water Quality for Three Organisms
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Fish feed Fish
Plant Microbes
Nitrite (NO2‐)
NO3‐
①
②③
~45 essential nutrientsprotein (amino acids), fats (fatty acids), minerals, and vitamins
Macronutrients:N, P, K , Ca, S, MgMicronutrients:B, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo Energy source
Nutrient management
Aquaponics Management: Nutrient Management
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Nutrient management
Aquaponics Management: Nutrient Management
Are fish diets formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for all 3 taxa?
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Fish feed Fish
Plant Microbes
Nitrite (NO2‐)
NO3‐
①
②③
~45 essential nutrientsprotein (amino acids), fats (fatty acids), minerals, and vitamins
Macronutrients:N, P, K , Ca, S, MgMicronutrients:B, Cl, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mo
Energy source
Nutrient management
Aquaponics Management: Nutrient Management
Fish diets were not formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for all 3 taxa.Feeding rateFeeding frequencyFeeding time
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Nitrobacter
• 400 − 5 2 4+ 195 2
2 2 → 5 7 2 400 3− +
Nitrosomonas
• 55 + 5 2 76 2 → 5 7 254 − 52 2 109 +
Photo: Stan Watson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institut, 2010e:
Photo: W.J.Hickey, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2006
①
②
Water Chemistry in Aquaponics
Fish
Plant MicrobesN2, NO, or N2O
Denitrification
Fish feed
Nitrification NO2‐
NO3‐
Nutrient uptake (NH4
+, NO3‐)
Solid wasteOrganic N
Nitrogen flow (blue arrows) and potential loss (redarrows) in an aquaponics system.
Nitrification
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Parameter Tomato Basil Lettuce
TAN* (mg/L) 3.5±0.4 3.4±0.4 3.4±0.4 ns
Nitrite (mg/L) 3.8±1.5 3.8±1.5 2.5±0.9 ns
Nitrate (mg/L) 60.5±4.6 108.0±7.6 161.6±13.2 ***
Phosphate (mg/L) 22.6±0.6 23.3±1.0 21.8±0.5 ns
DO (mg/L) 6.7±0.1 6.5±0.1 6.7±0.1 ns
Temperature (°C) 26.3±0.2 25.9±0.2 26.1±0.2 ns
pH 6.8±0.1 6.7±0.1 6.7±0.1 ns
EC 523±18 832±43 912±52 ***
*Total ammonia nitrogen
Water quality parameters as affected by plant species
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
2
4
6
8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
EC (µS/cm
)
pH
Days after Ttransplant
Aquaponics
Electrical conductivity (EC) dynamically changes in aquaponics.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
0
2
4
6
8
0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84
EC (µS/cm
)
pH
Days after Transplant
Hydroponics Lettuce Basil Tomato
*The pH was adjusted with a mixture of KOH and Ca(OH)2 in both systems.
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Plant crop Production system
Yield (g FW) / 3 months N use efficiency (%)
MarketablePart
UnmarketableParts
Plant Plant + fish
TomatoAquaponics 152 a 868 b 512 a 13.5 18.6
Hydroponics 115 a 1661 a 338 a 14 14.0
BasilAquaponics 233 b – 124 b 2.5 7.0
Hydroponics 287 a – 170 a 4.3 4.3
LettuceAquaponics 121 b – 24 b 1.3 5.8
Hydroponics 197 a – 31 a 3.0 3.0
Comparisons of aquaponics and hydroponics in yield and nutrient use Efficiency
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• Aquaponics facility structure and layout
• Lighting
• Cooling and heating
• Aquaponics pest control
• Processing and marketing
Other Considerations
Source: Ceres Greenhouse Solutions
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Major Challenges of Aquaponics• Knowledge of fish, bacteria, and plant production is essential to be
successful.• Daily management (e.g. water quality management) is mandatory.• Aquaponics alone will not provide a complete diet (nutrient
management).• Fish and plant requirements do not always match perfectly.• Reduced management choices compared with stand‐alone aquaculture or
hydroponic systems.• Energy demanding: requires reliable access to electricity
• Expensive initial start‐up costs compared with soil or hydroponicsvegetable production
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Economic Feasibility of Aquaponics
Case Study : Purdue University (Temperate climate)
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Economic analysis results from Purdue University:
“Commercial scale aquaponics is economically feasible, only if
aquaponics produce are sold as organic produce from the third year of aquaponic business”
Vegetable production is the major driving force of economic success.
Fish production of tilapia in aquaponics is currently not profitable. High‐value fish should be introduced in aquaponics.
Case Study:
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Economic Analysis of Aquaponics and Hydroponics Operation
Operating revenue and costs for aquaponics Operating revenue and costs for hydroponics
Flores, R.M.V., H.J. Kim, and K. Quagrainie. 2017. Economic analysis of aquaponics production in the US Midwest. Journal of Applied Aquaculture.
Case Study 2:
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• Aquaponics has great potential to be a future farming system.
• Aquaponics provides wellness tourism opportunity.
• Aquaponics provides unique educational opportunity to nurture for future farmers.
• Aquaponics can be profitable, if… • you are equipped with knowledge.
• your vegetables are sold as organic produce.
• you have local government support.
• Challenges need to be addressed: • Scientific research is needed to be done for successful operation
of aquaponics system with higher productivity and profitability.
• Proper aquaponics design is necessary for optimal crop yield.
• Suitable fish/plants/fish feed combinations for high profitability.
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Kim’s Lab Current Lab membersTeng YangMeng‐Yang LinSeunghyun ChoiYi‐Ju WangSujoung ShimHuijia LiuZilong Ye
Undergrad ResearchersJeffrey BatesBrittany WeertsGaotian ZhuYoussef KaramBrandon HornHye Su LeeMitchell Ankney
Questions?
At HLA Fall Fling, Purdue Meigs Farm
Email at hyejikim@purdue.edu
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