APES 11/3 and 11/4 Welcome! Prepare for a warm-up! No, I haven’t graded your tests. Please pick up...

APES 11/3 and 11/4APES 11/3 and 11/4

Welcome!Welcome!

Prepare for a warm-up!Prepare for a warm-up!

No, I haven’t graded your tests. No, I haven’t graded your tests.

Please pick up your graded flipbook Please pick up your graded flipbook and log in to a computer.and log in to a computer.

Cycles of Matter FlipbooksCycles of Matter Flipbooks

40 points total40 points total 7 points per cycle x 5 cycles = 357 points per cycle x 5 cycles = 35

Diagram = 2Diagram = 2 Definitions = 3Definitions = 3 Important to ecosystems = 1Important to ecosystems = 1 Human impacts = 1Human impacts = 1

5 points for neatness/color5 points for neatness/color

Warm-Up 11/4 and 5Warm-Up 11/4 and 5

Come up with 5 reasons to protect genetic, Come up with 5 reasons to protect genetic, species, and ecosystem biodiversity.species, and ecosystem biodiversity.

BiodiversityBiodiversityDefining, Conserving, Defining, Conserving,

Measuring Measuring

**BiodiversityBiodiversity is the number of is the number of different species in an ecosystem.different species in an ecosystem.

*Biodiversity increases the stability of *Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem and contributes to the an ecosystem and contributes to the health of the biosphere.health of the biosphere.

Ch. 1 Review- 3 types of Ch. 1 Review- 3 types of biodiversity are an important biodiversity are an important

indicator of healthindicator of health

Which is more diverse?Which is more diverse?

A B

The Importance of Biodiversity

*Aesthetic/Scientific Value: The value of beauty and scientific discovery can’t be measured, but are important

*Direct Economic Value: Humans depend on plants and animals for food, clothing, energy, medicine and shelter.

The Importance of Biodiversity

*Indirect Economic Value: a healthy biosphere provides ecosystem services to humans and other organisms

Threats to BiodiversityThreats to Biodiversity

HIPPCO:HIPPCO:Habitat destruction/fragmentationHabitat destruction/fragmentation

Invasive speciesInvasive species

Population growthPopulation growth

PollutionPollution

Climate ChangeClimate Change

OverexploitationOverexploitation

Biodiversity and ExtinctionBiodiversity and Extinction

Extinction is a normal processExtinction is a normal process (background extinction rate = 1 species per (background extinction rate = 1 species per

year per 1,000,000 species)year per 1,000,000 species) Mass Extinction is not normalMass Extinction is not normal

There have been 5 mass extinctions where There have been 5 mass extinctions where 50-95% of life on earth was wiped out50-95% of life on earth was wiped out

We are in a 6We are in a 6thth mass extinction right now mass extinction right now Extinction rate is 10,000x the background rateExtinction rate is 10,000x the background rate

Extinct SpeciesExtinct Species Extinct species-Extinct species-plants or animals that once lived on Earth that have completely disappeared. plants or animals that once lived on Earth that have completely disappeared.

http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/g201/recently-extinct-animals-list-470209/http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/g201/recently-extinct-animals-list-470209/

Endangered SpeciesEndangered Species

Endangered Species- a plant or animal that is Endangered Species- a plant or animal that is in danger of becoming extinct.in danger of becoming extinct. http://www.fws.gov/endangered/http://www.fws.gov/endangered/

Threatened Species- ok in the short term, but Threatened Species- ok in the short term, but may soon become endangeredmay soon become endangered

Ex: Colony Collapse DisorderEx: Colony Collapse Disorder Major U.S. farms use European honeybees that Major U.S. farms use European honeybees that

are trucked from state to state in their hivesare trucked from state to state in their hives 1/3 of global food supply comes from insect-1/3 of global food supply comes from insect-

pollinated plantspollinated plants 80% of pollination done by European 80% of pollination done by European

honeybeeshoneybees

Ex: Colony Collapse DisorderEx: Colony Collapse Disorder

Since 2006, 30-50% of honeybee colonies Since 2006, 30-50% of honeybee colonies have suffered from CCDhave suffered from CCD Bees leave in the winter and don’t return! Bees leave in the winter and don’t return! Why? Habitat loss? Climate change? Cell towers? Why? Habitat loss? Climate change? Cell towers?

Diesel fumes? Nobody knows!Diesel fumes? Nobody knows!

Biodiversity HotSpotsBiodiversity HotSpots

A A biodiversity hotspotbiodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic  is a biogeographic region that is both a significant reservoir of region that is both a significant reservoir of biodiversitybiodiversity and is threatened with  and is threatened with destruction. destruction.

Specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas Specifically refers to 25 biologically rich areas around the world that have lost at least 70 around the world that have lost at least 70 percent of their original habitat.percent of their original habitat.

Biodiversity HotspotsBiodiversity Hotspots

Protecting BiodiversityProtecting Biodiversity

1. International Treaties and National Laws1. International Treaties and National Laws1975 Convention on International Trade in 1975 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)Endangered Species (CITES)hunting/capturing/selling of hunting/capturing/selling of threatened/endangered species illegal in 178 threatened/endangered species illegal in 178 countriescountriesEnforced country-to-countryEnforced country-to-country

Protecting BiodiversityProtecting Biodiversity2. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S.)2. Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S.)Identify/monitor/protect endangered and Identify/monitor/protect endangered and threatened speciesthreatened speciesMost far reaching env. law ever enactedMost far reaching env. law ever enactedEconomic consequences/controversyEconomic consequences/controversy

Northern Spotted Owl protection led to major struggles in the logging industry in the NW

Cecil the LionCecil the Lion http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-endangered-http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/08/02/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-lion-endangered-

idUSKCN0Q62W620150802#sUv36Tl4G6u3FhsB.97idUSKCN0Q62W620150802#sUv36Tl4G6u3FhsB.97

Cecil the Lion was not protected by the U.S. Cecil the Lion was not protected by the U.S. Endangered Species act, but is protected under Endangered Species act, but is protected under CITESCITES

The dentist only had to get prior approval to The dentist only had to get prior approval to ship his “trophy” home ship his “trophy” home

3. Wildlife Refuges/Protected 3. Wildlife Refuges/Protected AreasAreas

We have 560 Nat.Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. We have 560 Nat.Wildlife Refuges in the U.S. Limited hunting/fishing allowedLimited hunting/fishing allowed Mining/drilling is sometimes allowed Mining/drilling is sometimes allowed VERY poorly fundedVERY poorly funded

Protecting BiodiversityProtecting Biodiversity

4. Prevention and control of invasive species4. Prevention and control of invasive species

5. Seed banks, botanical gardens, wildlife farms5. Seed banks, botanical gardens, wildlife farms

6. Zoos/Aquariums (not a great strategy due to 6. Zoos/Aquariums (not a great strategy due to loss of genetic diversity from inbreeding)loss of genetic diversity from inbreeding)

Measuring BiodiversityMeasuring Biodiversity

Using a biodiversity indexScientists use different biodiversity indices depending on the situationWe will use the Simpson index to measure biodiversity on a scale of 0-1 (1 = most biodiverse)Takes into account:

Species richness- total # species in one area Species evenness- how evenly distributed the species are

Species EvennessSpecies Evenness

Simpson’s Index PracticeSimpson’s Index Practice

D is the Simpson’s Index n is the total number of organisms of a particular

species N is the total number of organisms of all species ∑ means “add up”!

D = 1-D = 1- ∑∑ n(n - 1)n(n - 1)N(N - 1)N(N - 1)

Simpson’s Index PracticeSimpson’s Index Practice

D = 1- ∑ n(n - 1)

N(N - 1) Species A 12 11 132

Species B 3 2 6

Species C 7 6 42

Species D 4 3 12

Species E 9 8 72

∑ n(n - 1) 264

n - 1 n(n - 1)n

Numerator

Pretend you collected the yellow data-

Simpson’s IndexSimpson’s Index

D =∑ n(n - 1)

N(N - 1)

N - 1 = 34N(N - 1) = 1190

N = total number of all individuals = 35

=264

N(N - 1)

D = 1- 264

1190= 0.782

This area would score 0.782 on the Simpson’s Index. Therefore, the score for this area indicates a high level of biodiversity.

Biodiversity LabBiodiversity Lab

1.1. Do the Pre-Lab to practice your Simpson Do the Pre-Lab to practice your Simpson skillzskillz

2.2. Make your predictionMake your prediction

3.3. Half your group will collect data and Half your group will collect data and calculation the index # for the student lotcalculation the index # for the student lot

4.4. The other half will do the faculty lotThe other half will do the faculty lot

Upcoming HomeworkUpcoming Homework

Due Friday: your lab book AND the Due Friday: your lab book AND the biodiversity labbiodiversity lab 4 warm-ups4 warm-ups Mono Lake FRQ and questionsMono Lake FRQ and questions Climatograms and Venn diagramsClimatograms and Venn diagrams

Due Tuesday: your own notes and end of Due Tuesday: your own notes and end of module multiple choice for modules 15, 16, module multiple choice for modules 15, 16, 18, 2018, 20