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AP Biology 2008-2009
Cells & Cell Organelles
How are eukaryotes and prokaryotes similar and different?
Regents Biology
Why study cells? Cells Tissues Organs Bodies
bodies are made up of cells cells do all the work of life!
Regents Biology
Types of Cells There are 2 Types of cells
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Regents Biology
Eukaryotic cells are cells that have their DNA contained in a nucleus.
Examples: plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
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Prokaryotic cells: Cells that do not contain a nucleus.
Examples: Bacteria
All Bacteria are Prokaryotes
All Prokaryotes are Bacteria
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Cell size comparison
Bacterial cell
Animal cell
micron = micrometer = 1/1,000,000 meter diameter of human hair = ~20 microns
most bacteria 1-10 microns
eukaryotic cells 10-100 microns
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Bacteria cellsBacteria cells
Types of Prokaryotic Cells
Very Simple Cells Cell parts include: Cell membrane, Cell wall,
Cytoskeleton, Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes
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Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Very Complex cells Cell parts include: Everything a prokaryotic
cell had plus lots more.
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
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Organelles Do the work of cells
each structure has a job to do keeps the cell alive; keeps you alive
Model Animal Cell
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Cell membrane Found in ALL Cells Function
controls what enters or leaves cell O2,CO2, food, H2O, nutrients, waste
recognizes signals from other cells
Structure phospholipid bilayer
double layer of fat receptor molecules
proteins
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
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Phospholipids Phosphate heads: Hydrophilic (love
water)
Lipid tails: Hydrophobic (fear water)
lipid “tail”
phosphate“head”
Water Outside the cell
Water Inside the cell
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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
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Cytoplasm & Cytoskeleton Cytoplasm: Jelly like liquid in cells.
Found in all cells Holds Organelles in place
Cytoskeleton: Network of protein fibers throughout the cell. Found in all cells Gives the cell shape Act as “highways” for transport inside the
cell.
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Cytoskeletons Picture
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cell membranecell boundarycontrols movementof materials in & out
recognizes signals
cytoplasmjelly-like material holding organelles in place
cytoskeletonprotein fibers that give cells shape
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Cell Wall Cell Wall: Provides protection and
support for the cell. Can be made of Carbohydrates,
Proteins, or Both Outside of the cell membrane Found in Plant & Bacteria Cells
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Ribosomes Found in ALL Cells
Thousands of them in each cell Function
protein factories read instructions to build proteins from
DNA Structure
Made of a type of RNA Very small
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Ribosomes
AP Biology
Cellular Energy
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Function make ATP energy from glucose
fuels the work of life
Structure double membrane Contains its own DNA
Mitochondrion (Mitochondria)
in both animal & plant cellsin both animal & plant cells
ATP
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Chloroplast(s) Found in Plant cells Function
photosynthesis generate ATP & synthesize sugars
transform solar energy into chemical energy
Structure Double membrane Contains its own DNA
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Mitochondria make energy from sugar + O2
cellular respiration sugar + O2 ATP
Chloroplasts Have their own DNA photosynthesis
make energy + sugar from sunlight
sunlight + CO2 ATP & sugar ATP = active energy sugar = stored energy
Plants make energy two ways!
ATP
sugar
ATP
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Mitochondria are in both cells!!
animal cellsanimal cells plant cellsplant cells
mitochondriamitochondriachloroplastchloroplast
AP Biology
Cellular Transport
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Vacuoles & vesicles Function
Vacuole: Storage
Vesicle: moving material around cell
Structure membrane sac
small foodparticle
vacuole
digesting food inside cell
vesicle
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Food & water storage
plant cellsplant cells
contractilevacuole
contractilevacuole
animal cellsanimal cells
central vacuole central vacuole
food vacuoles food vacuoles
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Lysosome(s)
small foodparticle
vacuole
digesting food
lysosomes
Function digest food clean up & recycle
digest broken organelles
Structure membrane sac of
digestive enzymes
digesting brokenorganelles
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Proteins do all the work!
cellsDNA proteins
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
one of the major job of cells is to make proteins,because…
proteins do all the work!proteins do all the work!
signals
structure
enzymes
receptors
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Function
part of protein factory helps complete the
proteins makes membranes
Structure rough ER
ribosomes attached works on proteins
smooth ER makes membranes
Regents Biology transport vesicles
vesiclescarrying proteins
Function finishes, sorts, labels & ships proteins
like UPS headquarters shipping & receiving department
ships proteins in vesicles “UPS trucks”
Structure membrane sacs
Golgi Apparatus
AP Biology
Cell Cycle
Regents Biology
Nucleus Found in all Eukaryotic Cells Function
control center of cell protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structures nucleolus
ribosome factory Chromosomes made of DNA
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Centrioles Only found in Animal Cells Function
help coordinate cell division Structure
one pair in each animal cell “motor” proteins
AP Biology 2008-2009
That’s mycellular story…
Any Questions?
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