View
2
Download
0
Category
Preview:
Citation preview
An Overview and Outlook
of ESS TechnologiesMar 2020
To be the leading regional platform impacting the growthand translation of advanced battery related technologiesthrough innovation driven partnerships. We aim to makeSingapore the authoritative voice in battery relatedtechnologies and a place for private companies, publicstakeholders and researchers to come for innovation
To foster strategic R&D partnerships amongst publicresearch performers and industry players in thedevelopment and advancement of battery technologies. Weaim to develop and catalyze the local ecosystem in batteryrelated technologies through this platform.
Our VisionOur Mission
Steering Committee
Strategic PartnersObserver
ESS Storage Technologies
Technology Current Status Outlook and Recommendations
Flywheel Deployed Explore test deployment for low discharge duration, high cycles ESS; Outlook is strong for wayside rail recovery
CAES Deployed Explore only for seasonal storage and if environmentally friendly energy pay back is key. Outlook is poor overall.
Magnetic Storage Prototype/Pilot Explore for high frequency, low discharge duration applications. Outlook is positive for tandem use for compensation
Redox Flow Deployed Explore for large system (>100MW) and long discharge duration(>4hrs); Outlook is positive for storage solution
Lead Acid Deployed Explore only for short duration ESS projects of 2 years or less. Outlook is poor for ESS overall.
Metal-Air Pilot Monitor the few deployed system. Explore Zn/Al air safety. Outlook is dependent on technology progress
Fuel Cell Deployed Explore only for longer term storage. Outlook is strong for seasonal storage.
*Refer to Appendix for details on current status, trends and reason for recommendations
Opportunities: High Discharge Cycles, low duration applications [2]
Flywheel: Current Status and Future Prospects
Current Performance SpecsCost: 70-1000 $/kW [1][2]
Power density: 40-2000 kW/m3 [3]
Cycle Efficiency: 90-95 [1]
Lifetime: 104 – 105 [3]
Power: 8kWEnergy: 32kWhEfficiency >86%Cycle life: 11,000
Power: 50kWEnergy: 29kWhEfficiency >94%Cycle life 11,000
Location Power Type
Tyngsboro Grid 0.5MW
Stephentown Grid 20MW
Hazle Grid 20MW
LA Rail 2MW
Hanover Rail 1MW
Hamburg Rail 1MW
Paris Rail 1MW
Zurich Rail 1MW
Rennes Rail 1MW
Bielefeld Rail 1MW
Freiburg Rail 1MW
Dessau Rail 500kW
Zwickau Rail 500kW
Cologne Rail 600kW
London Rail 300kW
NY Rail 1MW
Lyon Rail 600kW
Mardi Rail 6MW
Active Projects
R&D Scope• Cost: Motors and
Generators• Efficiency:
Standby losses• Noise reduction
Relevant capabilities• Composites
motors• Superconducting
magnetic bearings
CAES: Current Status and Future Prospects
Current Performance Specs[1]
Cost: ~50 USD/kWh Power density: 1-2 kW/m3
Energy density: 2-6 kWh/m3
Cycle Efficiency: 42-54% Lifetime: 104 – 105
.
Location Power Type
Huntorf (GER) Grid 290 MW
Alabama (USA) Grid 110 MW
Goderich(CAN) Grid 2.2 MW
Active Projects
R&D Scope • Alternative storage modes: Undersea bags,
cheaper pressurized tanks• Efficiency: Reduce losses in
compression/expansion gas processes (Thermal solutions)
• Micro-CAES for residential projects
Location Power Type
Norton (USA) Grid 2700 MW
Iowa (USA) Grid 270 MW
Under Construction
Location Power Type
ADELE (GER) Grid 300 MW
Matagorga(USA)
Grid 540 MW
Seneca (USA) Grid 150-270 MW
PG&E (USA) Grid 300 MW
Datang CAES (Mongolia)
Grid 300 MW
Larne (UK) Grid 330 MW
PlanningCancelled[1]
• Geographical advantages are important as natural caverns brings down the cost
• Environmentally friendly• Expect at least 3 times
increase in cost for m-CAES• Low round trip efficiency
Outlook: CAES is currently popular for seasonal storage. Future new projects are expected to reduce in percentage
Natural Cavern Locations
Opportunities: Explore only for seasonal storage and if energy pay back and environmental impact is the key
SMES: Current Status and Future Prospects
Current Reported Performance SpecsPower density: 1000-3000 kW/m3 [1]
Energy density: 1-7 kWh/m3 [1]
Cycle Efficiency: >90% [2]
Lifetime: >5 x 104 cycles [2]
Known Projects
R&D Scope• Finding superconductors with higher
critical temperatures or higher performance
• Resolving mechanical stability issues
Superconducting materialsLow temperature superconductors (LTS)
@ 4.2K: NbTi, Nb3Sn, MgB2
High temperature superconductors (HTS)@ 77K: BSSCO (1G), REBCO (2G)
• High efficiency, fast response time
• High power density
• No moving parts
• Cost • High self-
discharge (10-15% per day)
• Scalability
Opportunities: Explore for low durations: Voltage Stability & Power Compensation
• Inherently a low conversion loss system• Cooling down to 9.2K needed currently [3]
• Key: Superconducting wires technology
300kWh
Opportunities: Large system (>100MW), long discharge duration (>4hrs), long storage durations
The two storage tanks are sized 5 m3 and store 4000 L.
A VRB system with 90 kWh/45kW installed (Italy)
0.4x0.4 m cell stack
Present RFB technologies:1. Vanadium/vanadium redox battery2. 2. Fe-Cr system3. V-Br cell4. V-O2 cell
Japan
USA
EU
China
Major market players
Dalian Vanadium Flow Battery Peaking-shaving Station (800MWh/200MW) will be the world largest flow ESS. UET and Rongke Power are the battery suppliers for the project, set to be completed in 06/2020
Average Installed Costs, World Markets
US
/ kW
h
Source: Navigant Research
Source: Lux Research
Redox Flow: Current Status and Future Prospects
Advantages• Zero self discharge• Very low standby
loss• Cost effective in
scalingR&D Scope
• Performance: New chemistry for higher voltage, density, efficiency
• Electrolyte purity• Environmental impacts
Relevant capabilities• Porous electrode• Membranes
Flexible design for different applications(from 1 kW to 50 MW)Low power and energy densityElectrolyte temperature range (10-40 °C)
Similar projection with Li ion
Opportunities: Al/Zn air for grid for safety; Li-air for high energy density applications (Transport)
Metal-Air: Current Status and Future Prospects
Con Edison–Eos ESS Pilot (6 MWh/1 MW, New York) with Zinc-air batteries was installed in 2014.
Zn-air EESS (1 MWh/100 kW, battery supplier: Znic8) will be installed in New York (news on Jan 27, 2020) .
• Metal-air holds great potential in terms of energy density• Mostly still in development or academic phase
Li-O2 batteries only surpass Li ion in gravimetric energy density
R&D Scope• Efficiency and cycle life
improvements• Improved gas
separation• Improving energy
density
Relevant capabilities• Catalyst development• Air cathode
development• A*STAR metal-air
battery program
Nat. Mater., 2012, 11, 19
Opportunities: To only consider lead-acid for low cost short project durations for ESS
Cycled at 25 °C
Cycled at 33 °C
Source: AllCell Technologies LLC
Conventional lead acid battery
For the limited cycle life of lead-acid batteries, the total cost(per usable kWh) is 2.33 times higher than LIB solution (0.42vs. 0.18 €, estimated by PowerTech). The world largest lead-acid battery storage project (Notrees Wind Energy Storage inTexas, 24 MWh, installed in 2012) has been upgraded toSamsung SDI’s LIB.
Lead-acid: Current Status and Future ProspectsAdvanced lead-acid battery
Cycle life comparison of LIB and Lead-acid batteries
Pro and Cons (lead-carbon batteries)Enhanced cycle lifeLow initial capacityincreased self-discharge rate
100 80 60 40 20 00
5000
10000
15000
20000
Cycle
Nu
mb
er
Depth of Discharge %
Lead-acid (Rolls-4000)
Lead-carbon (Rolls-5000)
Li-ion (LFP)
Li-ion (LCO, Saft)
When cycled at the same DoD, LIBs always exhibit longer cycle life than lead-acid/carbon batteries.
Opportunities: For use as fuel is still attractive, consider H2 for storage options
Shipments by type (1000 units)Source: E4tech (The fuel cell industry review 2019)
Fuel Cell: Current Status and Future Prospects
Source: E4tech (The fuel cell industry review 2019)
650W PEMFC 700W SOFC 4.2 kW SOFC3 kW SOFC
Korea is a leading in large-scale system and as of 2019, the deployed stationary fuel cell systems in Korea are already around 300 MW.
In Japan, the fuel cell system are of smaller scale and are mainly for domestic use.
The world’s largest fuel cell park operated in Hwasung City, with 59 MW of MCFC systems.
460 kW PAFC system
Hydrogen or batteries for grid storage?
Ref. DOE/GO-102019-5156
As of 2018, the expected cost for a PEM fuel cell system based on state-of-the-art materials is $181/kWnet.
PEM FC Dominates
ESOIe: the ratio of electrical energy returned by the device over its lifetime to the electrical-equivalent energy required to build the device
Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1938
Type Operating temp. (°C) Fuel Electrolyte Power Efficiency
SOFC 850-1100 CH4, H2, CO O2−-conducting ceramic oxide < 100 MW 60-65%
MCFC 600-650 CH4, H2, CO Molten alkaline carbonate 100 MW 45-55%
AFC 40-200 H2 KOH 10–200 kW 60-70%
PAFC 150-200 H2 (/CO2) Molten H3PO4 < 10 MW 40-55%
PEMFC 50–100 (Nafion)
120–200 (PBI)
H2 (/CO2) Polymer membrane (ionomer) 1 W – 500 kW 50-70%
DMFC 90-120 Methanol Polymer membrane (ionomer) 100 mW-1kW 20-30%
Very low total round-trip efficienciesSource: University of Cambridge, Wikipedia
Good solution as a storage for renewables
Megawatts by application 2015-2019
• Na-S battery operated at 300 °C
• Na-NiCl2 battery (operated at 260-300 °C)
The Na-NiCl2 chemistry is first developed by Zeolite Battery Research Africa (ZEBRA) in 1985, then modified by GE (Durathon™) in 2010, now manufactured by Zhejiang Lvming Energy Co. (jointed owned with GE) from 2017-06.
WEICAN Durathon Battery Project (20 MWh, 10 MW) on the Prince Edward Island (Canada) is the largest (or the only) EESS using Na-NiCl2 batteries (provided by GE).
In total, there are 21 NGK’s Na-S deployed ESS globally
Explosion of NGK’s EESS at the Tsukuba Plant (Joso City, Ibaraki Prefecture) of Mitsubishi Materials Corporation on 2011-09-21
10Ft Container
Molten Salt: Current Status and Future Prospects Safety Concerns
Capacity: 1000 kWh/250 kWDC Efficiency: > 80%Response time: <500 msVoltage: 500 —1500 V< $50 /kWH
Outlook: Safety is a concern for molten salt batteries. New tech now marketed by Ambri is worth monitoring. (operates at 500 °)
8%
64%
22%
6%
NCM consumption in 2018
333
523
622
811/NCA
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Cathode Shipment (in China) unit: 10K tons
LCO NCM LFP LMO
333
523
622
811
NCM523 is the major cathode material in the market. The increase of Ni content yields higher capacity, with the compromise of battery safety and cycling stability.
J. Power Sources 2013, 233, 121
1. Nickel-rich cathode
2. Silicon-based anode
Argonne National Laboratory (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A380
Volume change of graphite and silicon in lithiation
Graphite
Silicon
LiC6
Li22Si5
Graphite (Li + C LiC6) Qtheoretical = 372 mAh/g Silicon (Li + Si Li22Si5) Qtheoretical = 2000 mAh/g
Silicon can potentially deliver 10 times higher specific capacity than graphite; however the huge volume expansion (by 300%) in lithiationcauses poor cycling performance (typically less than 10 cycles).
Founded by Prof. Cui
3500 mAH13% Expansion
https://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20190822A0GJFM00?refer=spiderhttps://www.chyxx.com/industry/201903/721999.htmlhttp://www.chinaautoms.com/a/new/2019/0926/11650.htmlhttps://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271367/
300% Expansion
Outlook: NMC 811 and Si anode looks set to come on line in the near future to hit 300-350Wh/kg
Li ion: Current Status and Near Term
1. Li-rich cathode (300 mAh/g)
J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019,7, 25355
Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 180
3. Anode-free lithium battery (> 1200 Wh/L)
Li dendrite formation during electrochemical plating
Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 683
4. All-solid-state LIB for better safety
Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1803
Nat. Energy, 2016, 1, 1
1. Non-flammable2. High energy density
1. Low active material loading2. Electrolyte cracking
(side-reaction with lithium)3. incompatible with cathode
(oxidation)
Li-Air/Li-S battery
2. Pre-lithiation / Li metal (3800 mAh/g)
Outlook: Li rich cathode, anode free cells may best be enabled with solid state electrolyte to reach 350-500 Wh/kg
Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1, 282
Li ion: Mid Term Prospects
Li-Air/Li-S battery
Anode-free
1. Li-Air battery Li + O2 Li2O2
1. The performance of Li-O2 battery relies on the OER/ORR catalysts (e.g. RuO2), which can reduce the overpotential.
2. To make a real Li-air battery, an effective film to separate pure O2 from air (excluding CO2, H2O) has to be developed.
3. The dissolution of O2 into organic electrolyte, which can diffuse and passivate lithium anode, should be minimized for cycling stability.
2. Li-S battery Li + S Li2S
The specific capacity of conventional intercalation cathode (with lithium source) is limited to 300 mAh/g. If starting from lithium anode, we can switch to the high-capacity Li-free cathodes, e.g. O2 and sulfur.
3861 mAh/g based on Li1675 mAh/g based on O2
1168 mAh/g based on Li2O2
1675 mAh/g based on sulfur1168 mAh/g based on Li2S
1. If based on the discharge products, the theoretical capacity of Li-S battery is exactly the same as that of Li-O2 system.
2. Since Li-S battery is an air-tight system, Li-S battery shows much better cycling stability than Li-O2/air cell.
https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/01/20190124-oxis.html
Outlook: Long term outlook for 500Wh/kg and beyond will need drastic change in chemistry
Li ion: Long Term Prospects
30 Industry Members
• Battery materials/cells
• Battery modules/packs
• Battery Reuse/Recycling
56 Scientist/Academics
• 4 Universities, 5 Polytechnics
• 10 Research Institutes
• >3000 papers, >90 IPs
Multiple activities• Market intelligence, project scoping,
stakeholders engagement
• Technology Roadmapping, white papers
• Seminars, workshops, roundtables, exhibition, conferences
www.batteryconsortium.sg contact@batteryconsortium.sg
FOCUSAREA
CONTACT US!
Recommended