An Overview and Outlook

of ESS TechnologiesMar 2020

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Our VisionOur Mission

Steering Committee

Strategic PartnersObserver

ESS Storage Technologies

Technology Current Status Outlook and Recommendations

Flywheel Deployed Explore test deployment for low discharge duration, high cycles ESS; Outlook is strong for wayside rail recovery

CAES Deployed Explore only for seasonal storage and if environmentally friendly energy pay back is key. Outlook is poor overall.

Magnetic Storage Prototype/Pilot Explore for high frequency, low discharge duration applications. Outlook is positive for tandem use for compensation

Redox Flow Deployed Explore for large system (>100MW) and long discharge duration(>4hrs); Outlook is positive for storage solution

Lead Acid Deployed Explore only for short duration ESS projects of 2 years or less. Outlook is poor for ESS overall.

Metal-Air Pilot Monitor the few deployed system. Explore Zn/Al air safety. Outlook is dependent on technology progress

Fuel Cell Deployed Explore only for longer term storage. Outlook is strong for seasonal storage.

*Refer to Appendix for details on current status, trends and reason for recommendations

Opportunities: High Discharge Cycles, low duration applications [2]

Flywheel: Current Status and Future Prospects

Current Performance SpecsCost: 70-1000 $/kW [1][2]

Power density: 40-2000 kW/m3 [3]

Cycle Efficiency: 90-95 [1]

Lifetime: 104 – 105 [3]

Power: 8kWEnergy: 32kWhEfficiency >86%Cycle life: 11,000

Power: 50kWEnergy: 29kWhEfficiency >94%Cycle life 11,000

Location Power Type

Tyngsboro Grid 0.5MW

Stephentown Grid 20MW

Hazle Grid 20MW

LA Rail 2MW

Hanover Rail 1MW

Hamburg Rail 1MW

Paris Rail 1MW

Zurich Rail 1MW

Rennes Rail 1MW

Bielefeld Rail 1MW

Freiburg Rail 1MW

Dessau Rail 500kW

Zwickau Rail 500kW

Cologne Rail 600kW

London Rail 300kW

NY Rail 1MW

Lyon Rail 600kW

Mardi Rail 6MW

Active Projects

R&D Scope• Cost: Motors and

Generators• Efficiency:

Standby losses• Noise reduction

Relevant capabilities• Composites

motors• Superconducting

magnetic bearings

CAES: Current Status and Future Prospects

Current Performance Specs[1]

Cost: ~50 USD/kWh Power density: 1-2 kW/m3

Energy density: 2-6 kWh/m3

Cycle Efficiency: 42-54% Lifetime: 104 – 105

.

Location Power Type

Huntorf (GER) Grid 290 MW

Alabama (USA) Grid 110 MW

Goderich(CAN) Grid 2.2 MW

Active Projects

R&D Scope • Alternative storage modes: Undersea bags,

cheaper pressurized tanks• Efficiency: Reduce losses in

compression/expansion gas processes (Thermal solutions)

• Micro-CAES for residential projects

Location Power Type

Norton (USA) Grid 2700 MW

Iowa (USA) Grid 270 MW

Under Construction

Location Power Type

ADELE (GER) Grid 300 MW

Matagorga(USA)

Grid 540 MW

Seneca (USA) Grid 150-270 MW

PG&E (USA) Grid 300 MW

Datang CAES (Mongolia)

Grid 300 MW

Larne (UK) Grid 330 MW

PlanningCancelled[1]

• Geographical advantages are important as natural caverns brings down the cost

• Environmentally friendly• Expect at least 3 times

increase in cost for m-CAES• Low round trip efficiency

Outlook: CAES is currently popular for seasonal storage. Future new projects are expected to reduce in percentage

Natural Cavern Locations

Opportunities: Explore only for seasonal storage and if energy pay back and environmental impact is the key

SMES: Current Status and Future Prospects

Current Reported Performance SpecsPower density: 1000-3000 kW/m3 [1]

Energy density: 1-7 kWh/m3 [1]

Cycle Efficiency: >90% [2]

Lifetime: >5 x 104 cycles [2]

Known Projects

R&D Scope• Finding superconductors with higher

critical temperatures or higher performance

• Resolving mechanical stability issues

Superconducting materialsLow temperature superconductors (LTS)

@ 4.2K: NbTi, Nb3Sn, MgB2

High temperature superconductors (HTS)@ 77K: BSSCO (1G), REBCO (2G)

• High efficiency, fast response time

• High power density

• No moving parts

• Cost • High self-

discharge (10-15% per day)

• Scalability

Opportunities: Explore for low durations: Voltage Stability & Power Compensation

• Inherently a low conversion loss system• Cooling down to 9.2K needed currently [3]

• Key: Superconducting wires technology

300kWh

Opportunities: Large system (>100MW), long discharge duration (>4hrs), long storage durations

The two storage tanks are sized 5 m3 and store 4000 L.

A VRB system with 90 kWh/45kW installed (Italy)

0.4x0.4 m cell stack

Present RFB technologies:1. Vanadium/vanadium redox battery2. 2. Fe-Cr system3. V-Br cell4. V-O2 cell

Japan

USA

EU

China

Major market players

Dalian Vanadium Flow Battery Peaking-shaving Station (800MWh/200MW) will be the world largest flow ESS. UET and Rongke Power are the battery suppliers for the project, set to be completed in 06/2020

Average Installed Costs, World Markets

US

/ kW

h

Source: Navigant Research

Source: Lux Research

Redox Flow: Current Status and Future Prospects

Advantages• Zero self discharge• Very low standby

loss• Cost effective in

scalingR&D Scope

• Performance: New chemistry for higher voltage, density, efficiency

• Electrolyte purity• Environmental impacts

Relevant capabilities• Porous electrode• Membranes

Flexible design for different applications(from 1 kW to 50 MW)Low power and energy densityElectrolyte temperature range (10-40 °C)

Similar projection with Li ion

Opportunities: Al/Zn air for grid for safety; Li-air for high energy density applications (Transport)

Metal-Air: Current Status and Future Prospects

Con Edison–Eos ESS Pilot (6 MWh/1 MW, New York) with Zinc-air batteries was installed in 2014.

Zn-air EESS (1 MWh/100 kW, battery supplier: Znic8) will be installed in New York (news on Jan 27, 2020) .

• Metal-air holds great potential in terms of energy density• Mostly still in development or academic phase

Li-O2 batteries only surpass Li ion in gravimetric energy density

R&D Scope• Efficiency and cycle life

improvements• Improved gas

separation• Improving energy

density

Relevant capabilities• Catalyst development• Air cathode

development• A*STAR metal-air

battery program

Nat. Mater., 2012, 11, 19

Opportunities: To only consider lead-acid for low cost short project durations for ESS

Cycled at 25 °C

Cycled at 33 °C

Source: AllCell Technologies LLC

Conventional lead acid battery

For the limited cycle life of lead-acid batteries, the total cost(per usable kWh) is 2.33 times higher than LIB solution (0.42vs. 0.18 €, estimated by PowerTech). The world largest lead-acid battery storage project (Notrees Wind Energy Storage inTexas, 24 MWh, installed in 2012) has been upgraded toSamsung SDI’s LIB.

Lead-acid: Current Status and Future ProspectsAdvanced lead-acid battery

Cycle life comparison of LIB and Lead-acid batteries

Pro and Cons (lead-carbon batteries)Enhanced cycle lifeLow initial capacityincreased self-discharge rate

100 80 60 40 20 00

5000

10000

15000

20000

Cycle

Nu

mb

er

Depth of Discharge %

Lead-acid (Rolls-4000)

Lead-carbon (Rolls-5000)

Li-ion (LFP)

Li-ion (LCO, Saft)

When cycled at the same DoD, LIBs always exhibit longer cycle life than lead-acid/carbon batteries.

Opportunities: For use as fuel is still attractive, consider H2 for storage options

Shipments by type (1000 units)Source: E4tech (The fuel cell industry review 2019)

Fuel Cell: Current Status and Future Prospects

Source: E4tech (The fuel cell industry review 2019)

650W PEMFC 700W SOFC 4.2 kW SOFC3 kW SOFC

Korea is a leading in large-scale system and as of 2019, the deployed stationary fuel cell systems in Korea are already around 300 MW.

In Japan, the fuel cell system are of smaller scale and are mainly for domestic use.

The world’s largest fuel cell park operated in Hwasung City, with 59 MW of MCFC systems.

460 kW PAFC system

Hydrogen or batteries for grid storage?

Ref. DOE/GO-102019-5156

As of 2018, the expected cost for a PEM fuel cell system based on state-of-the-art materials is $181/kWnet.

PEM FC Dominates

ESOIe: the ratio of electrical energy returned by the device over its lifetime to the electrical-equivalent energy required to build the device

Energy Environ. Sci., 2015, 8, 1938

Type Operating temp. (°C) Fuel Electrolyte Power Efficiency

SOFC 850-1100 CH4, H2, CO O2−-conducting ceramic oxide < 100 MW 60-65%

MCFC 600-650 CH4, H2, CO Molten alkaline carbonate 100 MW 45-55%

AFC 40-200 H2 KOH 10–200 kW 60-70%

PAFC 150-200 H2 (/CO2) Molten H3PO4 < 10 MW 40-55%

PEMFC 50–100 (Nafion)

120–200 (PBI)

H2 (/CO2) Polymer membrane (ionomer) 1 W – 500 kW 50-70%

DMFC 90-120 Methanol Polymer membrane (ionomer) 100 mW-1kW 20-30%

Very low total round-trip efficienciesSource: University of Cambridge, Wikipedia

Good solution as a storage for renewables

Megawatts by application 2015-2019

• Na-S battery operated at 300 °C

• Na-NiCl2 battery (operated at 260-300 °C)

The Na-NiCl2 chemistry is first developed by Zeolite Battery Research Africa (ZEBRA) in 1985, then modified by GE (Durathon™) in 2010, now manufactured by Zhejiang Lvming Energy Co. (jointed owned with GE) from 2017-06.

WEICAN Durathon Battery Project (20 MWh, 10 MW) on the Prince Edward Island (Canada) is the largest (or the only) EESS using Na-NiCl2 batteries (provided by GE).

In total, there are 21 NGK’s Na-S deployed ESS globally

Explosion of NGK’s EESS at the Tsukuba Plant (Joso City, Ibaraki Prefecture) of Mitsubishi Materials Corporation on 2011-09-21

10Ft Container

Molten Salt: Current Status and Future Prospects Safety Concerns

Capacity: 1000 kWh/250 kWDC Efficiency: > 80%Response time: <500 msVoltage: 500 —1500 V< $50 /kWH

Outlook: Safety is a concern for molten salt batteries. New tech now marketed by Ambri is worth monitoring. (operates at 500 °)

8%

64%

22%

6%

NCM consumption in 2018

333

523

622

811/NCA

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Cathode Shipment (in China) unit: 10K tons

LCO NCM LFP LMO

333

523

622

811

NCM523 is the major cathode material in the market. The increase of Ni content yields higher capacity, with the compromise of battery safety and cycling stability.

J. Power Sources 2013, 233, 121

1. Nickel-rich cathode

2. Silicon-based anode

Argonne National Laboratory (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)

J. Electrochem. Soc. 2018, 165, A380

Volume change of graphite and silicon in lithiation

Graphite

Silicon

LiC6

Li22Si5

Graphite (Li + C LiC6) Qtheoretical = 372 mAh/g Silicon (Li + Si Li22Si5) Qtheoretical = 2000 mAh/g

Silicon can potentially deliver 10 times higher specific capacity than graphite; however the huge volume expansion (by 300%) in lithiationcauses poor cycling performance (typically less than 10 cycles).

Founded by Prof. Cui

3500 mAH13% Expansion

https://kuaibao.qq.com/s/20190822A0GJFM00?refer=spiderhttps://www.chyxx.com/industry/201903/721999.htmlhttp://www.chinaautoms.com/a/new/2019/0926/11650.htmlhttps://pdf.sciencedirectassets.com/271367/

300% Expansion

Outlook: NMC 811 and Si anode looks set to come on line in the near future to hit 300-350Wh/kg

Li ion: Current Status and Near Term

1. Li-rich cathode (300 mAh/g)

J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019,7, 25355

Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 180

3. Anode-free lithium battery (> 1200 Wh/L)

Li dendrite formation during electrochemical plating

Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 683

4. All-solid-state LIB for better safety

Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1803

Nat. Energy, 2016, 1, 1

1. Non-flammable2. High energy density

1. Low active material loading2. Electrolyte cracking

(side-reaction with lithium)3. incompatible with cathode

(oxidation)

Li-Air/Li-S battery

2. Pre-lithiation / Li metal (3800 mAh/g)

Outlook: Li rich cathode, anode free cells may best be enabled with solid state electrolyte to reach 350-500 Wh/kg

Nano Lett. 2016, 16, 1, 282

Li ion: Mid Term Prospects

Li-Air/Li-S battery

Anode-free

1. Li-Air battery Li + O2 Li2O2

1. The performance of Li-O2 battery relies on the OER/ORR catalysts (e.g. RuO2), which can reduce the overpotential.

2. To make a real Li-air battery, an effective film to separate pure O2 from air (excluding CO2, H2O) has to be developed.

3. The dissolution of O2 into organic electrolyte, which can diffuse and passivate lithium anode, should be minimized for cycling stability.

2. Li-S battery Li + S Li2S

The specific capacity of conventional intercalation cathode (with lithium source) is limited to 300 mAh/g. If starting from lithium anode, we can switch to the high-capacity Li-free cathodes, e.g. O2 and sulfur.

3861 mAh/g based on Li1675 mAh/g based on O2

1168 mAh/g based on Li2O2

1675 mAh/g based on sulfur1168 mAh/g based on Li2S

1. If based on the discharge products, the theoretical capacity of Li-S battery is exactly the same as that of Li-O2 system.

2. Since Li-S battery is an air-tight system, Li-S battery shows much better cycling stability than Li-O2/air cell.

https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/01/20190124-oxis.html

Outlook: Long term outlook for 500Wh/kg and beyond will need drastic change in chemistry

Li ion: Long Term Prospects

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• Battery materials/cells

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• 4 Universities, 5 Polytechnics

• 10 Research Institutes

• >3000 papers, >90 IPs

Multiple activities• Market intelligence, project scoping,

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