America in Transition America in Transition Unit 2
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- America in Transition America in Transition Unit 2
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- Troubles for American Farmers New urban populations and
increased foreign competition caused American farmers to produce
more food. As the supply of food increased, prices dropped
drastically, some were forced to give up their farms. Farmers
united to form organizations like the National Grange to look out
for their interests. In 1887 the Interstate Commerce Act stopped
railroads from offering lower cost or secret rebates to larger
shippers. It also outlawed the practice of one carrier charging
more for short hauls than for long ones.
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- Populist Party The National Grange and the Farmers Alliance
demanded that Congress increase the money supply to raise prices on
farm products When Congress did not satisfy the farmers, the two
unions ran their own candidates in the 1890 elections and won 40
seats in Congress. The coalition of Alliance members, farmers,
labor leaders and reformers called themselves the Populist
Party.
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- WW What message is the cartoonist trying to send?
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- Scroll over video and click play
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- Gold or Silver A central political issue in the l890s was
whether to back the countries money supply with gold or silver.
Conservative Republicans wanted to back each dollar with GOLD
keeping the supply of money and prices of goods down. The Democrats
and farmers wanted to back money with more abundant SILVER,
increasing the money supply and raising prices. Eventually GOLD
would be set as the standard
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- GOLD BRICKS They are each worth about USD $375,000 (400oz
$937.10/oz, as of 30 July 2009).
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- Second Industrial Revolution From 1865 to 1905 America entered
a second industrial revolution marked by numerous discoveries and
inventions. From 1865 to 1905 America entered a second industrial
revolution marked by numerous discoveries and inventions. The basis
of the new industrial revolution came with the Bessemer Process
which allowed as much steel to be produced in one day which used to
take one week to produce. The basis of the new industrial
revolution came with the Bessemer Process which allowed as much
steel to be produced in one day which used to take one week to
produce. Increased steel supply spurred the building of more
railroads and multistory buildings. Increased steel supply spurred
the building of more railroads and multistory buildings.
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- Bessemer Process
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- Transportation Innovations The increased availability of steel
lead to the rapid increase of railroad lines including the first
transcontinental railroad in 1869. In 1876 the first gasoline
powered engine was invented by Nikolaus A Otto and in 1893 the
Duryea Brothers built the first American car. On December 17 th,
1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright made the first piloted flight
lasting 12 seconds and covering 120 feet.
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- The Wright Brothers First in Flight Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina
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- Communication Innovations In 1837 Samuel Morse developed the
telegraph and the Morse Code a system of dots and dashes
representing letters and numbers. In 1837 Samuel Morse developed
the telegraph and the Morse Code a system of dots and dashes
representing letters and numbers. (SOS = _ _ _ ) By 1866 Western
Union had more than 2,000 telegraph offices in the US. By 1866
Western Union had more than 2,000 telegraph offices in the US. In
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone and by 1900 more
than a million telephones were in operation. In 1876 Alexander
Graham Bell invented the telephone and by 1900 more than a million
telephones were in operation. In 1867 Christopher Sholes developed
the typewriter and sold his patent in 1873. In 1867 Christopher
Sholes developed the typewriter and sold his patent in 1873. Typing
pools were used by many businesses and gave women the opportunity
to work in a skilled profession. Typing pools were used by many
businesses and gave women the opportunity to work in a skilled
profession.
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- The New Capitalist Spirit Capitalism is an economic system in
which private businesses run industry and competition sets prices
and wages. Capitalism is an economic system in which private
businesses run industry and competition sets prices and wages. An
entrepreneur is a person willing to risk capital (money) in a
business venture. An entrepreneur is a person willing to risk
capital (money) in a business venture. American government
practiced a laissez-faire economic policy, meaning that government
does little to interfere with the economy. American government
practiced a laissez-faire economic policy, meaning that government
does little to interfere with the economy. Free-enterprise is when
governments allow businesses to compete in a free market.
Free-enterprise is when governments allow businesses to compete in
a free market.
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- Communism and Social Darwinism The system of proposed that
individual ownership of property should not be allowed, property
and means of production are owned by the community and the
community would The system of Communism proposed that individual
ownership of property should not be allowed, property and means of
production are owned by the community and the community would
provide for all people equally. Social Darwinism held that if
society is allowed to progress through natural competition, then
the fittest would rise to power and the unfit would fail; any
attempt to help the poor would slow progress. Social Darwinism held
that if society is allowed to progress through natural competition,
then the fittest would rise to power and the unfit would fail; any
attempt to help the poor would slow progress.
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- Corporations After the Civil War many businesses chose to sell
stock in their company to earn extra capital for their business.
These corporations were able to raise large amounts of money to
expand, while stockholders owned a share of a business without
taking responsibility for its running Several corporations could
join together to form a trust resulting in a monopoly where the
trust has total control of the quality and price of a product. In
1890 Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act which outlawed all
monopolies and trusts. The act failed to define what a monopoly was
thus proved difficult to enforce.
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- Giants of American Industry Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel
industry by lowering production costs and buying businesses that
supplied his factories. Andrew Carnegie dominated the steel
industry by lowering production costs and buying businesses that
supplied his factories. By 1880, John D. Rockefeller controlled 90%
of the oil refining business; he was able to buy businesses that
supplied his oil refineries and then raised prices for his
competitors. By 1880, John D. Rockefeller controlled 90% of the oil
refining business; he was able to buy businesses that supplied his
oil refineries and then raised prices for his competitors.
Cornelius Vanderbilt bought large and small railroad lines and
connected many urban centers with direct rail lines. Cornelius
Vanderbilt bought large and small railroad lines and connected many
urban centers with direct rail lines.
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- Andrew Carnegie and John Rockefeller
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- The New Working Class In the late 1800s thousands of African
Americans moved north in search of jobs, but even in the north
black workers were given the dirtiest or most dangerous jobs. In
the late 1800s thousands of African Americans moved north in search
of jobs, but even in the north black workers were given the
dirtiest or most dangerous jobs. The number of American female
workers doubled between the years 1870-1890. The number of American
female workers doubled between the years 1870-1890. The number of
laborers under the age of 16 also doubled in this time with 20% of
children under the age of 16 working for a wage. The number of
laborers under the age of 16 also doubled in this time with 20% of
children under the age of 16 working for a wage.
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- CHILD LABOR
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- Labor Begins to Organize In the late 1800s, began to fight for
and for the American worker. In the late 1800s, labor unions began
to fight for shorter hours and better working conditions for the
American worker. The first union was the National Labor Union
(1866). The first union was the National Labor Union (1866). By
1872, 32 national unions existed serving the special interests of
bricklayers, typesetters, and shoemakers. By 1872, 32 national
unions existed serving the special interests of bricklayers,
typesetters, and shoemakers. In 1894, the federal government
declared as a legal holiday in. In 1894, the federal government
declared Labor Day as a legal holiday in tribute to laborers.
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- Interpret this cartoon.
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- Labor Unions In 1886 the Knights of Labor lead several railroad
strikes known as the Great Upheaval. During a protest in Chicago,
seven police officers and one civilian were killed after a bomb
exploded in Haymarket Square. After 1886 skilled workers led by
Samuel Gompers split from unskilled workers and formed the American
Federation of Labor Between 1881 and 1900 there were 23,000 strikes
involving 6,610,000 workers and employers lost $450 million.
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- Old and New Immigrants From 1800 to 1880, 10 million immigrants
came to the United States; most were Protestants from Northwestern
Europe and are often referred to as the Old Immigrants. From 1891
to 1910, 12 million immigrants came to the US; 70% of new
immigrants were from Southern or Eastern Europe. (remember SEE as a
key) Immigrants came to the US to escape poverty or persecution and
many hoped to make enough money to return home and buy land
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- The Immigration Process The journey to America was often
difficult, immigrant passengers traveled in steerage (a cramped,
poorly ventilated area below decks). The journey to America was
often difficult, immigrant passengers traveled in steerage (a
cramped, poorly ventilated area below decks). Millions of
immigrants were processed through Ellis Island in New York or Angel
Island in San Francisco. Millions of immigrants were processed
through Ellis Island in New York or Angel Island in San Francisco.
Any immigrant with serious mental or physical health problems were
deported. Any immigrant with serious mental or physical health
problems were deported. All others answered questions about their
skills, background and criminal history. All others answered
questions about their skills, background and criminal history.
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- Approaching Ellis Island
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- Immigration Restrictions In the late 1800s an Anti-Chinese
movement began in the labor unions of California. In the late 1800s
an Anti-Chinese movement began in the labor unions of California.
The Workingmens Party excited crowds and some Chinese were attacked
and killed. The Workingmens Party excited crowds and some Chinese
were attacked and killed. In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese
Exclusion Act which denied citizenship to Chinese and stopped
immigration of Chinese laborers. In 1882 Congress passed the
Chinese Exclusion Act which denied citizenship to Chinese and
stopped immigration of Chinese laborers. In 1894 the Immigration
Restriction League sought to impose literacy test on all immigrants
but President Cleveland vetoed the bill. In 1894 the Immigration
Restriction League sought to impose literacy test on all immigrants
but President Cleveland vetoed the bill.
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- New Urban Cities Between 1865 and 1900 the percentage of
Americans living in cities doubled. Between 1865 and 1900 the
percentage of Americans living in cities doubled. Architects need
to build skyscrapers to accommodate the new urban residents.
Architects need to build skyscrapers to accommodate the new urban
residents. In 1852 Elisha Otis invented a mechanical elevator
allowing more stories on buildings. In 1852 Elisha Otis invented a
mechanical elevator allowing more stories on buildings. Cities
began to build up rather than out. Cities began to build up rather
than out. Urban transportation improved with the development of
mass transit including trains, subways and trolley cars. Urban
transportation improved with the development of mass transit
including trains, subways and trolley cars.
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- Upper Class Life During the Second Industrial Revolution newly
wealthy bankers, landowners and merchants formed the urban upper
class. This upper class usually liked to show off their money with
expensive houses and lavish parties. The rich also became concerned
with social behavior and began to imitate British Victorian culture
which had rules for etiquette in all manner of social
situation.
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- Middle Class Life New industries and a growing urban population
created a huge demand for educated workers. New industries and a
growing urban population created a huge demand for educated
workers. By the late 1800s a growing middle class included
accountants, clerks, engineers, managers, teachers and salespeople.
By the late 1800s a growing middle class included accountants,
clerks, engineers, managers, teachers and salespeople. Most married
middle class women worked as homemakers but innovations such as
running water allowed women time for social clubs and to join the
reform movement Most married middle class women worked as
homemakers but innovations such as running water allowed women time
for social clubs and to join the reform movement
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- Running water used in a wringer type washing machine.
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- Life of the Poor Life for those in poverty in the late 1800s
usually was marked by crowded living conditions, long hours and
poor sanitation. Life for those in poverty in the late 1800s
usually was marked by crowded living conditions, long hours and
poor sanitation. Most were forced to live in rundown, poorly built
apartment buildings called tenements. Most were forced to live in
rundown, poorly built apartment buildings called tenements. New
York had some 40,000 tenements that housed over a million poor
workers as many as 12 families per floor. New York had some 40,000
tenements that housed over a million poor workers as many as 12
families per floor. Tenements were known for poor sanitation,
terrible smell and a lack of privacy and safety Tenements were
known for poor sanitation, terrible smell and a lack of privacy and
safety
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- A typical tenement building: crowded, unsanitary, and
dangerous.
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- Reforms for the urban poor In the late 1800s settlement houses
offered education, job training and even daycare to the poor urban
working class. In the late 1800s settlement houses offered
education, job training and even daycare to the poor urban working
class. lead many educated young women on a Jane Addams lead many
educated young women on a mission to help the poor and later to
press for womens suffrage. Many Protestant churches tried to apply
Christian principles to address the problem of poverty and churches
offered counseling, job training, libraries and other social
services. Many Protestant churches tried to apply Christian
principles to address the problem of poverty and churches offered
counseling, job training, libraries and other social services.
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- The Hull House
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- American Education By 1900, most states had passes Compulsory
Education Laws which required parents to send children to school.
From 1870 to 1900 the number of children in public schools doubled
and by 1900, 72% of American children were in school. Also by 1900,
1,000 American colleges were educating some 350,000 students.
Publishers began to serve a new educated public through newspapers
and books.
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- American Leisure and Sports In the late 1800s city planners
began the City Beautiful movement which stressed the importance of
parks and an attractive design In the late 1800s city planners
began the City Beautiful movement which stressed the importance of
parks and an attractive design By 1890 professional baseball teams
were drawing an estimated 60,000 fans daily. By 1890 professional
baseball teams were drawing an estimated 60,000 fans daily. In the
late 1890s football and basketball had become popular in many
universities. In the late 1890s football and basketball had become
popular in many universities. Plays by William Shakespeare and
Ragtime music were popular forms of American entertainment. Plays
by William Shakespeare and Ragtime music were popular forms of
American entertainment.