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Technical presentation to VW India
Internal | RBIN/EP | 15/07/2010 | © Bosch Limited 2010. All rights reserved, also regarding any disposal, exploitation, reproduction, editing, distribution, as well as in the event of applications for industrial property rights.
Alternative Automotive Fuels - Biodiesel
Fredrick ABosch Ltd., Research & Development
Date : 15th July 2010Venue : University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK Campus, Hebbal, Bangalore
2
Biodiesel : Overview
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Biodiesel & Biodiesel Blends
3
Biodiesel : Overview
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Content
What is Biodiesel ?
Standardisation, comparison with European standards
Understanding the Bx notations
Significant characteristics
Key issues
Pictorial representation
Conclusions
BIODIESELIS 15603
4
Biodiesel : Overview
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What is Biodiesel ?
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ( Methyl or Ethyl ) ester for use as an
automotive fuel in diesel engines
How is Biodiesel manufactured ?
NaOH or KOH
5
Biodiesel : Overview
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Diesel
Fuel
5 - 7% ester B5, B7
10% ester B10
100% ester B100
+Future targets !
Vegetable oil +
Methanol or
Ethanol
CatalystNaOH or KOH
GlycerineMethyl Ester
orEthyl Ester
+Heat , 60°C
Biodiesel B100
As per European / Indian Biodiesel Standard
as per Diesel Fuel
Spec.
6
Biodiesel : Overview
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Type of Biofuel depends upon geography, abundance,….
Honge, Jatropha
Non - edible
Rapeseed
Edible
Soyabean
Edible
IndiaEuropeUSA
FAMEFatty Acid Methyl Ester
SOMESoya Methyl Ester
RMERapeseed Methyl ester
JatrophaMethyl Ester
7
Biodiesel : Overview
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Indian standard for Biofuel, B100, IS 15607 : 2005, released by BIS Specification is a blend of American & European Current feedstock for Biodiesel in India : Jatropha, Honge
Jatropha plant Honge plant
BIS - Bureau of Indian Standards
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Biodiesel : Overview
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Extract - Indian Diesel Fuel standard
9
Biodiesel : Overview
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Extract - Indian Biodiesel , B100 standard
5
5
10
Biodiesel : Overview
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Extract - European Diesel Fuel standard
11
Biodiesel : Overview
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Extract - European Biodiesel , B100 standard
12
Biodiesel : Overview
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B00
10
20
60
50
40
30
80
90
100
0
10
20
60
50
40
30
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
60
50
40
30
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
60
50
40
30
70
80
90
100Diesel Fuel Biodiesel Blend B5 Biodiesel Blend B10 Biodiesel B100
Volu
me
in m
L
5B5
70
B10 B100
13
Biodiesel : Overview
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Region
Biodiesel, neat
Diesel fuel, neat
Biodiesel blends
B100 B0 B5 B6 - B20 > B20
IndiaIS 15607 IS 1460 IS 1460
Not
available
Not
available
EuropeEN 14214 EN 590
EN 590
( B7 )
Not
available
Not
available
USA
ASTM D
6751
ASTM D
975ASTM D 975
ASTM D
7467
Not
available
Summary : Available National Standards
14
Biodiesel : Overview
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Major Regions India India Europe USA
Biodiesel blend B0 B100 B100 B100 B6 - B20
Interpretation Diesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Blend
Oxidation stability, 110°C ( Rancimat )
~ 48h( evaluated, not spec. )
6 h 6 h 3 h 6 h
Bosch Recommendation
- 6 h > 20 h
Oxidation stability, 95°C/16 h, g/m3 25 Not specified
Acid value, mg KOH/g
- 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
Significant characteristics : B0, B100, B6 - B20
15
Biodiesel : Overview
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Major Regions India Europe USA USA
Biodiesel blend B0 & B5 B0 & B7 B0 & B5 B6 - B20
Description of bulk Diesel Diesel Diesel Diesel
Official Standard IS 1460 EN 590 ASTM D 975 ASTM D 7467
Oxidation stability, 110°C Rancimat
Not specified20 h
( upto B7 )Not specified 6 h
Oxidation stability, 95°C/16 h, g/m3 25 25 Not specified Not specified
Acid value, mg KOH/g Not specified Not specified Not specified 0.30
B0 implies neat conventional diesel fuelB5, B7 blends is covered in the respective Diesel fuel standard itself
Significant characteristics : B0 . . . . B7
16
Biodiesel : Overview
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Bad
Diesel Fuel
Acidity_ Stability_ Interpretation
Acid value in m
g KO
H/g
Good
Low
High
Oxi
datio
n st
abili
ty in
hou
rs
Good
Bad
Diesel Fuel
17
Biodiesel : Overview
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Key Issues
An intrinsic characteristics of Biodiesel Perfectly suitable as far as the ageing reserve has not depleted Ageing results in formation of organic acids, polymers Acids results in corrosion Polymers results in deposit formation, leading to malfunction
1. Fuel ageing
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Biodiesel : Overview
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Induction period for B100 ( EN 14112 )
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Biodiesel : Overview
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Induction period for B7 ( EN 15751 )
Ageing reserve Fuel ageing has started
Usability expired Fuel fit for use
Induction period
B7
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0Time [hrs]
Con
duct
ivity
[µS
/cm
]
Ran
cim
at
EN
141
12
&
EN
157
51
EN
ISO
122
05
& m
odifi
catio
ns
Good Induction period (ageing reserve) of good quality biodiesel is necessary
20
Biodiesel : Overview
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Reasons for approving IP > 20 hours for EN 590
Positive field validation of B5 with IP > 20 hours (2005). Lower IP are not validated
Very few FAME related failures reported in Germany until after 2006 Failures occur most frequently for vehicles on forecourts after standing for
2 months or more Customer protection required action Limit was set to 20 hours minimum but does not seem to include a big
safety margin !! ( India being tropical ! ) Any lower limit value is not acceptable. A higher value would be desirable
but was not approved in order to avoid additional expenditure and costs for (bio)fuel producers
21
Biodiesel : Overview
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Increase in Engine oil level Deposit generation on piston rings Deterioration in tribological characteristics of oil Catalyst failures
2. Engine oil dilution
3. Ash generation
Increased ash generation in Exhaust Effect on particulate filter
22
Biodiesel : Overview
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Fuel agingDefinition of fuel ageing
Ageing products
Effects on the fuel system
Change of fuel composition and properties during storage and/or usage effected by:
● Oxygen (aeration)● Temperature● Light● Fuel quality
● Blend stocks● Additives● Impurities
Insoluble polymers (gum, sludge)
Clogging, e.g. filters Deposit build-up, entire system Restricted moving parts Strong injector coking
Soluble polymers
Resin formation Restricted guidance clearances
Ageing acids
Corrosion of metallic surfaces Deposits formation by soaps
with metal ions (e.g. from wear or corrosion)
Peroxides Embrittlement of elastomers
23
Biodiesel : Overview
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Nozzle coking from RME operation Glycerides, Sodium carbonate are presentNa2CO3 is formed from Na-ionsAnd CO2 from combustion chamber atmosphere
Deposit formation in the slots of the VE pump plunger
24
Biodiesel : Overview
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High Pressure axial pistonDistributor pump,
Distributor Head with FAME polymer coating
High Pressure Axial pistonDistributor pump,
Distributor head with seized / cracked plunger
25
Biodiesel : Overview
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General guidelines for use of Biodiesel & its blends ( 1 ) Neat Biodiesel, B100 must have sufficient stability Fuel ageing risks to be considered as follows,
High risk for low use vehicles eg Gensets High risk at high ambient temperatures, eg Tropics Low risk for high usage vehicles eg Fleet
Stability of diesel fuel itself ( used for blending ) varies as follows High sulphur diesels are more stable than Low Sulphur diesels S1000 > S500 > S350 > S50 [ Sx S = Fuel Sulphur, x = ppm Sulphur ] Worldwide migration towards Low Sulphur diesels, Euro 1 . . . 5 !
Current Bosch experience in Europe for biodiesel blends upto 7% biodiesel An oxidation stability of min. 20 hours has been satisfactory !
Fuel blends having adequate ageing reserve are suitable (B100 = 6h, B0 =>48h) Interchanging fuels in vehicles, Diesel >< Biodiesel / blends - not recommended
Enhances risk of pre-existing deposits to clog filters (high solvency)
26
Biodiesel : Overview
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Elastomers in contact Biodiesel, to be necessarily changed over to Fluorocarbon base ( Viton )
Bench Endurance tests do not necessarily reflect biodiesel specific problems High fuel throughput Continuous operating cycle Fuel changed at regular fixed intervals at Bosch
Adequate field testing ( with positive results ) is recommended To reflect actual conditions ( both vehicle & environment ) Above tests enable a possible ‘Risk Assessment ’ of a specific blend used
All Bosch FIE are suitable for operation with Biodiesel blends as far as the ageing reserve is not depleted !
General guidelines for use of Biodiesel & its Blends ( 2 )
27
Biodiesel : Overview
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The experience with diesel blends B5 and B7 in the European market is positive and the number of incidents being reported continues to be low
This is achieved through high quality standards for both the marketed fuel (B7, EN 590) and the bio-component (B100, EN 14214)
A safe approach of introducing biofuel blends is highly recommended for other markets because certain risks with FAME blends exist that need to be minimised by defining the appropriate fuel quality
India is going the right way by following the European standardisation
India is now faced with the task of taking the next step and introducing the additional stability requirement “Induction period” into IS 1460 in due time before desulphurisation and 5 % blending of FAME is put into force
Special attention also needs to be paid to fuel contamination, additive interactions, oil dilution and material selection
Summary & Conclusion ( 1 )
28
Biodiesel : Overview
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Summary & conclusion ( 2 )
Bosch supports the use of biodiesel blends upto max. 7% v/v
Worldwide FIE manufacturers Position statement, max 7% blend
Quality of Biodiesel should meet the requirement
Availability of good quality Biodiesel on a continuous basis to be ensured
Food vs Fuel crisis ?
29
Biodiesel : Overview
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Thank You
30
Biodiesel : Overview
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Backup
31
Biodiesel : Overview
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Fuel Test method Unit India Europe USA
Diesel Fuel, B0
ISO 12205 or ASTM D 2274Measures sludge /Ageing behaviour
g/m3
max
25 25 not specified
IS 1460 EN 590 ASTM D 975
Biodiesel, B100
EN 14112Measures change in conductivity / Induction period
hours min
6 6 3
IS 15607 EN 14214 ASTM D 6751
B5( Diesel fuel with 5% biofuel )
ISO 12205 or ASTM D 2274Measures sludge / induction period
g/m3
max 25 25 not specified
Oxidation stability : Diesel Fuel vs Biodiesel
IS - Indian standard, EN - European norm, ASTM - American standard
32
Biodiesel : Overview
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ISO 12205 EN 14112
Spec : max. 25 g/m3 ( Sludge )( for Diesel fuel, B0 )
Spec. : no change in conductivity, upto 6 hours( for Biodiesel, B100 )
Fuel sample is aged as follows :Fuel Temp. = 95 ºC Time period = 16 hoursPassing Oxygen
Sample is cooled, filtered for insolublesAdherent insolubles are removed by using suitable solvents
Indirect measure of Induction period ( ageing reserve ), start of ageing
Report :Total insolubles in g/m3
Fuel sample is aged as follows :Fuel Temp. = 110 ºCTime period = 6 hours
Stream of purified air is passed is passed thru the sampleVapours released above is passed thru distilled waterThe above set-up is equipped with an electrode for measuring conductivity.The end of the induction period is indicated by a rapid change in conductivity of sample.Accelerated increase is caused by the dissociation of volatile carboxylic acids produced during the oxidation process & absorbed in water.
Oxidation stability : Comparison of test methods
33
Biodiesel : Overview
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Comparison of Fuel standards
34
Biodiesel : Overview
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Sl. No.
Characteristics Unit IS 15607India
EN 14214Europe
ASTM D 6751USA
ASTM D 7467USA
1 Ester content % m/m 96.5 96.5 ( FAME ) - -
2 Density @ 15°C Kg/m3 860 - 900 800 - 900 - -
3 Kin Visc. @ 40 °C mm2/s 2.5 - 6.0 3.5 - 5 1.9 - 6.0 1.9 - 4.1
4 Flash Point °C min 120 101 93 52
5 Sulphur content mg/kg ( ppm) 50 10 15, 500 15
% m/m, max 0.005 - 0.0015, 0.05 0.0015
6 Carbon residue on 10%
% m/m, max 0.05 ( on 100% sample
)
0.3 0.05 0.35
7 Cetane no. min # 51 51 47 40
8 Sulphated ash % m/m, max 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01
9 Water content mg./kg, max 500 500 500 (water + sedi.)
500
35
Biodiesel : Overview
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Sl. No.
Characteristics Unit IS 15607 EN 14214 ASTM D 6751 ASTM D 7467
India Europe USA
10 Total contamination mg/kg, max 24 24 - -
11 Copper strip corrosion Rating, max Class 1 Class 1 No. 3 No.3
12 Oxidation stability, 110°C Hours, minim 6 6 3 6
13 Acid value mg KOH/g 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3
14 Iodine value gI2./100g max To report 120 - -
15 Linolenic acid methyl ester
% m/m, max - 12 - -
16 Polyunsat. methyl esters % m/m, max - 1 - -
17 Methanol content % m/m, max 0.2 0.2 0.2 -
Flash point min °C - - - -
Ethanol content % m/m, max 0.2 - - -
36
Biodiesel : Overview
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Sl. No.
Characteristics Unit IS 15607 EN 14214 ASTM D 6751 ASTM D 7467
India Europe USA
18 Monoglyceride content % m/m, max - 0.8 - -
Diglyceride content % m/m, max - 0.2 - -
Triglyceride content % m/m, max - 0.2 - -
20 Free glycerol ( glycerin ) % m/m, max 0.02 0.02 0.02 -
Total glycerol % m/m, max 0.25 0.25 0.24 -
21 Group I metals ( Na + K ) mg/kg, max 5 5 5 -
Group I metals ( Ca + Mg ) mg/kg, max 5 5 5 -
22 Phosphorus content mg/kg, max 10 4 10 -
23 Distillation temp. °C - - max 360 max 343
24 Cold soak Filterability - - max 360 -
25 Lubricity, HFRR µm, max - - - 520
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