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The altitude of Polaris = latitude North of Equator!
West is earlier (AM), and east is later (PM)!
EQUATOR 0O Latitude
PRIME MERIDIAN
0O
Longitude
All Longitudes in NY are West All Latitudes in NY are N
orthPrime Meridian
Equator
NYS to the minute
1o = 60’
Contours (isolines)connect measurements in a field of equal value
REMEMBER: make “loops” or “take it off” and label!
The air-pressure field map represents a high-pressure system over the central United States. Isobars show the air pressure in millibars (mb).
(1) A and C (3) C and D
(2) B and E (4) D and E
Areas of equal pressure may be found at locations
What is a possible elevation, in meters, of point X?
(1) 55 (3) 68
(2) 57 (4) 70
The map shows sea-level air pressure in millibars for a portion of the eastern coast of North America.
The air pressure recorded at point D was most likely
(1)1014 mb (3) 1010 mb
(2) 1012 mb (4) 1006 mb
TOPOGRAPHY – contours of land
• Distance
• Legend (w/ directional)
• Contour Interval
• Sea level
• Slope (or Gradient)
• Rivers (& their
direction)
The small map identifies the New York State region shown
in the topographic map.
What is the elevation of point A on the
topographic map?
(1) 1,700 ft
(2) 1,600 ft
(3) 1,650 ft
(4) 1,550 ft
When is it a hill and when is it a
hole in the ground?
HATCHER LINES mean decreasing
20 202030
40 10
What is the value of Point A if the contour
interval is 25 m?
(1) 125 m
(2) 100 m
(3) 75 m
(4) 65 m
C
How about Point C?
60 m (51 – 74 m)
The topographic map of an island below
measures elevations in meters and has a scale of 1cm = 2 km
What is the CONTOUR
INTERVAL of this map?
(1) 40 m
(2) 10 m
(3) 0 m
(4) 20 m
The topographic map of an island below
measures elevations in meters and has a scale of 1cm = 2 km
What is the elevation of
Point B?
(1) 40 m
(2) 10 m
(3) 0 m
(4) 20 m
The topographic map of an island below
measures elevations in meters and has a scale of 1cm = 2 km
What is the elevation of
Point D?
(1) 40 m
(2) 10 m
(3) 0 m
(4) 20 m
Which point on this map MAY HAVE an elevation of 73
m?
A
What is the
elevation of points:
A
B
C
D
E
70m
20m
30m
10m
-10m (between 0m & -20m!)
Elevations are in meters.
When is it steep?
The topographic map below shows two hills labeled A and B. The tributary streams labeled X and Y have the same volume of water.
Which statement is best supported by the map?
(1) Hill A is higher than hill B.
(2) Stream X flows faster than stream Y.
(3) Hill B is higher than hill A.
(4) Stream Y flows faster than stream X.
Lines are
closer
together so
it is
steeper!
DON’T FORGET
THAT WATER ALWAYS FLOWS
DOWN!!!
Look for V shape (water
flows opposite)
Read contour values.
Which way is down?
In which compass direction does the water flow in Long Creek?
SW
78.
Which direction does Copper Creek flow?
NW
The topographic map below shows a lake and two rivers.
In which direction does each of the rivers flow?
(1) The Sapphire River and the Garnet River both flow east.
(2) The Sapphire River and the Garnet River both flow west.
(3) The Sapphire River flows east and the Garnet River flows west.
(4) The Sapphire River flows west and the Garnet River flows east.
The topographic map below shows part of a stream.
In which general direction is the stream flowing?
(1) northeast
(2) northwest
(3) southeast
(4) southwest
Profiles
Profiles look at an area from the side (when traveling from one place to another)
Contour lines look at an area from above (bird’s eye view)
What is the
elevation of Point A
25Draw a profile from Point X to
Point Y
G
RA
DIE
NT
& Rate
& Rate
& Rate
& Rate
& Rate
GRADIENT- The change in any value from one location to another (“over a distance”).
0 ft
10 ft
20 ft
.5 mile distance
20 foot elevation change
Gradient = change in field value/distance = 20 ft/0.5 mi = 40 ft/mi
Gradients are calculated for many things, like:
The gradient (or slope) of a hill.
The temperature gradient between two states.
The snowfall gradient between two cities.
Same day in Minneapolis and Miami
0 min 5 min 10 min
RATE is the change in any value as time passes.
0 ft
10 ft
20 ft
20 foot elevation change
10 min time
change
Rate = change in value/time = 20 ft/10 min = 2 ft/min
The map at left shows pressure
measured in mb. The distance between the
points is 500 Km. CALCULATE the
pressure gradient.
Gradient = Change in field value/ distance
Gradient = 1004 mb – 976 mb/ 500 Km = 28 mb/ 500 Km
Gradient = 0.056 mb/ Km
Air moves like water.
Big gradient = Fast
Small gradient = Slow
The STEEPER the AIR hill, the faster the wind moves from HIGH to Low
pressure!
Which location most likely recorded the highest wind speed?
(1)A (3)C
(2)B (4)D
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