AIRCRAFT HANDLING Press ‘F5’ or click on ‘Slide Show’ then ‘View Show’ to start

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

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AIRCRAFT HANDLING

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AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Contents List.

Click on a chapter.

Chapter 1 Aircraft Maintenance.

Chapter 2Ground Handling.

Chapter 3Preparation for Flight.

Chapter 4General Flying.

Chapter 5Aerobatics and Formation Flying.

Chapter 6Aircraft Emergencies. exit

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Chapter 1

Aircraft Maintenance

exitReturn to contents list

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

policy

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

policypolice

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

policepolice

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

police

P C

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

police

P Creventative orrective

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

police

P Creventative orrective

policy

Aircraft Maintenance

The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.

A policy aimed too much at preventing breakdowns (over maintenance) would keep the aircraft in the hangar most of the time.

The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.

Aircraft Maintenance

The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.

Aircraft Maintenance

The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures, restore levels of reliability, and ensure that time and use do not affect aircraft performance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.

Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.

Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.

Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.

Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.

Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Servicing (or ‘flight servicing’ when applied to aircraft) is the maintenance needed after a period of use, e.g. a flight, plus preparation for the next period of use.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Regular maintenance to:

Keep the aircraft in a sound overall condition.

Minimise random faults.

Minimise the amount of routine day to day attention needed.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Some aircraft parts are continuously monitored using non-destructive testing (NDT) e.g.X-rays or Spectrum Oil Analyzed Particles (SOAP) techniques until a condition that needs attention is revealed.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Scheduled or condition-based maintenance that does not fit the maintenance cycle.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Corrective maintenance is carried out when a fault occurs.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

In war operations it may be necessary to relax maintenance standards, suspending scheduled and condition-based maintenance.

Aircraft Maintenance

Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:

Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance

Corrective Maintenance

Contingency Maintenance

Modifications

Modifications are made to remedy any design faults that come to light.

MOD Form 700 Series

Every aircraft has an Aircraft Maintenance Data Log:

MOD Form 700

Examples of some of the more important forms are:

MOD Form 701 fuel and oil types, tyre pressuresMOD Form 703 onboard software logMOD Form 725 flying log & fatigue data sheet

MOD Form 705 flight servicing & fuel certificateMOD Form 725A air-to-air in flight refuelling

There is no requirement to know specific form numbers.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Chapter 2

Ground Handling

exitReturn to contents list

Ground Handling

Handling Teams

Aircraft arrivals and departures are attended by two tradesmen known as the handling team.

Ground Handling

FOD = Foreign Object Damage

- objects which have the potential to damage aircraft either by being sucked into an engine, blown by jet efflux into another aircraft, or damaging aircraft tyres.

Ground Handling

Marshalling

- the aim of the marshaller is to assist the pilot in the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft on the ground.

Ground Handling

Marshalling at night

- navigation lights must be on (red & green on the wingtips, white on the tail).

- taxi lights should be used, but care should be taken not to dazzle the marshaller.

Ground Handling

Danger Zones

- areas around engine intakes and exhausts

- areas near propellers

- areas close to helicopter rotors

Ground Handling

Danger Zones

- areas around engine intakes and exhausts

- areas near propellers

- areas close to helicopter rotors

Note that with helicopters, strong gusts of wind can cause blade sailing bringing the rotating

blades closer to the ground than normal.

Ground Handling

Wheel and brake fires

- stand forward or rearward of the wheels depending upon the wind, but never in line with the axle.

- spray extinguishant so that the flow strikes the ground 0.3 metres away from the wheels.

Ground Handling

Refuelling

Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight to prevent condensation in the empty tank.

Bonding (linking metal parts with a conductor) prevents sparks from static electricity during refuelling. Fire is a real risk during refuelling.

Work on electrical or radio equipment is prohibited within 15 metres of an aircraft being refuelled.

Ground Handling

Refuelling

Pressure refuelling (where fuel is pumped into the aircraft at high pressure) dramatically reduces refuelling time.

Ground Handling

Refuelling

Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves which automatically close when the fuel in the tanks reaches the required level.

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG.

Remember the middle ‘T’ for Turbine.

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG.

Remember the middle ‘T’ for Turbine.

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of Gasoline.

Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of Gasoline.

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of Gasoline.

Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of Gasoline.

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

AVTUR is made from kerosene.

Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with the ‘R’ in kerosene to remember the link.

Ground Handling

Aviation Fuel

Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:

AVGAS

AVTUR

AVTAG

AVCAT

AVTUR is made from kerosene.

Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with the ‘R’ in keRosene to remember the link.

Ground Handling

Loading

Aircraft loads must be securely stowed and correctly distributed to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G) is

within the limits.

Overloading has the following effects:

It increases the stalling speed and landing and take-off run.

It reduces the rate of climb.

It reduces range and endurance.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Chapter 3

Preparation for Flight

exitReturn to contents list

Preparation for Flight

The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.

It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:

- he and his crew are fully prepared for the flight.

- all the necessary information to ensure the safe navigation of the aircraft has been obtained.

- that he and his crew have read and understood all of the relevant order books.

Preparation for Flight

The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.

It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:

- serviceability checks have been made on personal safety equipment items by each individual user.

Preparation for Flight

The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.

It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:

- where passengers are carried, they are fully briefed.

Preparation for Flight

The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.

It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:

- where passengers are carried, they are fully briefed.

On a transport aircraft, the Captain will normally delegate this responsibility to the Air Loadmaster.

Preparation for Flight

Flight Planning

Self-briefing

The pilot and / or navigator use weather and ATC information displayed in the operations or flight planning room to complete the flight plan.

Mass briefing

On many bases, particularly training units, a mass briefing for all aircrew is held at the start of the day’s flying.

Preparation for Flight

Authorisation

Formal authorisation is required before every flight. This is normally done by the Flight or Squadron Commander in the

Flight Authorisation Book (Form 3562).

In the event of an accident or breach of flying discipline, the relevant form 3562 will be impounded by the

investigating authority.

Preparation for Flight

Authorisation

The Captain must also sign one of the Form 700 series, Form 705 before and after each flight.

Preparation for Flight

Pre-Flight Checks

Before starting engines, the Captain must check that his starting crew are in place with fire extinguishers at hand.

Pre-Flight Checks vary considerably from aircraft to aircraft, but the relevant ones for each type are found in

the Aircrew Manual.

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Stop

Cut Engines

Hot Brakes

!

Marshalling Signals

Proceed to next marshaller

This way

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Chapter 4

General Flying

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General Flying

Taxiing for take-off, the pilot stops at the holding point, a white line across the taxiway from which the pilot has a good view of the runway and final approach.

General Flying

At the holding point, light aircraft pilots turn their aircraft about 45 degrees into wind to complete their pre take-off checks.

General Flying

The caravan close to the runway holding position is occupied by the runway controller.

General Flying

Take-off is normally made into wind.

As the aircraft lines up, any headwind along the runway will serve to shorten the take-off run.

General Flying

A 30 knot headwind along the runway will be indicated as 30 kts on the aircraft’s airspeed indicator (ASI).

General Flying

Runway

The circuit

Downwind leg

Wind

pre-landing checks completed on this leg

‘Dead’ side

General Flying

Runway

The circuit

Downwind leg

Wind

Final approach

On approach, flaps are lowered to give a steeper descent for a set speed, a lower stalling speed and a

better view over the nose of the aircraft.

General Flying

Runway

The circuit

Downwind leg

Wind

Final approach

It must be remembered on approach that when the throttle is opened, a jet engine does not respond as

quickly as a piston engine.

General Flying

To land the aircraft the pilot changes the descending path of the approach to one level with, and just above, the ground.

This is known as the ‘round out’.

General Flying

The aircraft is then flown parallel to the ground with increasing angle of attack and falling airspeed until touchdown.

This is known as the ‘hold-off’ or ‘float’.

General Flying

Landing a nose-wheel aircraft, the nose-wheel should be held off the ground until after the main wheels touch.

General Flying

With tail wheel aircraft, all three wheels should touch the ground together – a three point touchdown.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Chapter 5

Aerobatics and Formation Flying

exitReturn to contents list

Aerobatics

Before any aerobatic flying, a pilot must carry out his HASELL checks:

Height

Airframe

Security

Engine

Lookout

Location

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

Rolling plane.

Yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Looping or Pitching plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.

Repeat

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Rolling plane.

The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.

Repeat

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

Yawing plane.

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Aerobatics

An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:

The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.

Repeat

AerobaticsAircraft flying inverted appear to be flying with the nose

well above the horizon.

Aircraft wings are less efficient inverted, so a higher angle of attack is required for straight and level (inverted) flight.

The angle marked in the diagram is still the angle of attack even though the aircraft is inverted.

Formation Flying

The RAF’s definition of formation flying is:

‘An ordered arrangement of two or more aircraft proceeding together as an element.’

There are two types of formation flying:

Close Tactical

Take-off & Landing

Cloud penetration

Show and Display flying

Used for all tactical fighter operations

Formation Flying

There are five standard section formations:

Vic formation

Think of the ‘V’ in Vic and invert it.

Formation Flying

There are five standard section formations:

Vic formation

Echelon formation

Formation Flying

There are five standard section formations:

Line abreast

Formation Flying

There are five standard section formations:

Line abreast

Line

astern

Formation Flying

There are five standard section formations:

Box formation

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

Chapter 6

Aircraft Emergencies

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Emergencies

Two degrees of aircraft emergency are recognised internationally:

Urgency – a message concerning the safety of persons or the aircraft.

Distress – the aircraft is threatened by serious or imminent danger & is in need of immediate assistance.

Emergencies

Each of these emergency messages have their own pro-word to alert ATC:

Urgency – ‘Pan, Pan, Pan’

Distress – ‘Mayday, Mayday, Mayday’

Emergencies

When using Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR), Air Traffic Control give a four digit code to the pilot which he enters into an instrument on the flight deck.

This code enables the aircraft to be positively identified on the controllers radar screen (along with

the aircraft’s callsign and height readout).

Emergencies

In the event of a total radio failure, the pilot will enter the code 7600 to alert ATC to the problem.

Within the U.K. a network of stations provide an emergency fixer service on the UHF frequency of

243 MHz.

Communications Failure

The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert ATC by flying a triangular pattern.

Communications Failure

The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert ATC by flying a triangular pattern.

If the transmitter only has failed, he will fly an equilateral triangle to the right.

Communications Failure

The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert ATC by flying a triangular pattern.

If the transmitter and receiver have both failed, he will fly an equilateral triangle to the left.

AIRCRAFT HANDLING

The End

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Aircraft Handling

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