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AIRCRAFT HANDLING
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AIRCRAFT HANDLING
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AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Contents List.
Click on a chapter.
Chapter 1 Aircraft Maintenance.
Chapter 2Ground Handling.
Chapter 3Preparation for Flight.
Chapter 4General Flying.
Chapter 5Aerobatics and Formation Flying.
Chapter 6Aircraft Emergencies. exit
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 1
Aircraft Maintenance
exitReturn to contents list
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
policy
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
policypolice
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
policepolice
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
police
P C
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
police
P Creventative orrective
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
police
P Creventative orrective
policy
Aircraft Maintenance
The RAF’s maintenance policy is based on a finely judged balance of preventative and corrective maintenance.
A policy aimed too much at preventing breakdowns (over maintenance) would keep the aircraft in the hangar most of the time.
The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.
Aircraft Maintenance
The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.
Aircraft Maintenance
The objectives of the RAF’s maintenance organisation are in 2 main categories: ‘maintenance’ and ‘operational’.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures, restore levels of reliability, and ensure that time and use do not affect aircraft performance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.
Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.
Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.
Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.
Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
The aims of preventive maintenance is to reduce the probability of failures and ensure that performance of aircraft and equipment is maintained.
Within the RAF this comprises 4 types of maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Servicing (or ‘flight servicing’ when applied to aircraft) is the maintenance needed after a period of use, e.g. a flight, plus preparation for the next period of use.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Regular maintenance to:
Keep the aircraft in a sound overall condition.
Minimise random faults.
Minimise the amount of routine day to day attention needed.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Some aircraft parts are continuously monitored using non-destructive testing (NDT) e.g.X-rays or Spectrum Oil Analyzed Particles (SOAP) techniques until a condition that needs attention is revealed.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Scheduled or condition-based maintenance that does not fit the maintenance cycle.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Corrective maintenance is carried out when a fault occurs.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
In war operations it may be necessary to relax maintenance standards, suspending scheduled and condition-based maintenance.
Aircraft Maintenance
Let us examine types of maintenance utilised by the RAF:
Preventive MaintenanceServicingScheduled MaintenanceCondition-based MaintenanceOut-of-Phase Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Contingency Maintenance
Modifications
Modifications are made to remedy any design faults that come to light.
MOD Form 700 Series
Every aircraft has an Aircraft Maintenance Data Log:
MOD Form 700
Examples of some of the more important forms are:
MOD Form 701 fuel and oil types, tyre pressuresMOD Form 703 onboard software logMOD Form 725 flying log & fatigue data sheet
MOD Form 705 flight servicing & fuel certificateMOD Form 725A air-to-air in flight refuelling
There is no requirement to know specific form numbers.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 2
Ground Handling
exitReturn to contents list
Ground Handling
Handling Teams
Aircraft arrivals and departures are attended by two tradesmen known as the handling team.
Ground Handling
FOD = Foreign Object Damage
- objects which have the potential to damage aircraft either by being sucked into an engine, blown by jet efflux into another aircraft, or damaging aircraft tyres.
Ground Handling
Marshalling
- the aim of the marshaller is to assist the pilot in the safe manoeuvring of the aircraft on the ground.
Ground Handling
Marshalling at night
- navigation lights must be on (red & green on the wingtips, white on the tail).
- taxi lights should be used, but care should be taken not to dazzle the marshaller.
Ground Handling
Danger Zones
- areas around engine intakes and exhausts
- areas near propellers
- areas close to helicopter rotors
Ground Handling
Danger Zones
- areas around engine intakes and exhausts
- areas near propellers
- areas close to helicopter rotors
Note that with helicopters, strong gusts of wind can cause blade sailing bringing the rotating
blades closer to the ground than normal.
Ground Handling
Wheel and brake fires
- stand forward or rearward of the wheels depending upon the wind, but never in line with the axle.
- spray extinguishant so that the flow strikes the ground 0.3 metres away from the wheels.
Ground Handling
Refuelling
Aircraft are normally refuelled after every flight to prevent condensation in the empty tank.
Bonding (linking metal parts with a conductor) prevents sparks from static electricity during refuelling. Fire is a real risk during refuelling.
Work on electrical or radio equipment is prohibited within 15 metres of an aircraft being refuelled.
Ground Handling
Refuelling
Pressure refuelling (where fuel is pumped into the aircraft at high pressure) dramatically reduces refuelling time.
Ground Handling
Refuelling
Aircraft are fitted with shut off valves which automatically close when the fuel in the tanks reaches the required level.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG.
Remember the middle ‘T’ for Turbine.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
Most gas turbine engines can be run on AVTUR or AVTAG.
Remember the middle ‘T’ for Turbine.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of Gasoline.
Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of Gasoline.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVGAS and AVTAG are both types of Gasoline.
Remember that if the fuel name has a ‘G’ in it, then it is a type of Gasoline.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVTUR is made from kerosene.
Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with the ‘R’ in kerosene to remember the link.
Ground Handling
Aviation Fuel
Fuels used in the RAF and RN fall into one of 4 categories:
AVGAS
AVTUR
AVTAG
AVCAT
AVTUR is made from kerosene.
Match the ‘R’ from AVTUR with the ‘R’ in keRosene to remember the link.
Ground Handling
Loading
Aircraft loads must be securely stowed and correctly distributed to ensure that the centre of gravity (C of G) is
within the limits.
Overloading has the following effects:
It increases the stalling speed and landing and take-off run.
It reduces the rate of climb.
It reduces range and endurance.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 3
Preparation for Flight
exitReturn to contents list
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- he and his crew are fully prepared for the flight.
- all the necessary information to ensure the safe navigation of the aircraft has been obtained.
- that he and his crew have read and understood all of the relevant order books.
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- serviceability checks have been made on personal safety equipment items by each individual user.
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- where passengers are carried, they are fully briefed.
Preparation for Flight
The most important quality of the Captain of an aircraft is LEADERSHIP.
It is the Captain’s responsibility to ensure that:
- where passengers are carried, they are fully briefed.
On a transport aircraft, the Captain will normally delegate this responsibility to the Air Loadmaster.
Preparation for Flight
Flight Planning
Self-briefing
The pilot and / or navigator use weather and ATC information displayed in the operations or flight planning room to complete the flight plan.
Mass briefing
On many bases, particularly training units, a mass briefing for all aircrew is held at the start of the day’s flying.
Preparation for Flight
Authorisation
Formal authorisation is required before every flight. This is normally done by the Flight or Squadron Commander in the
Flight Authorisation Book (Form 3562).
In the event of an accident or breach of flying discipline, the relevant form 3562 will be impounded by the
investigating authority.
Preparation for Flight
Authorisation
The Captain must also sign one of the Form 700 series, Form 705 before and after each flight.
Preparation for Flight
Pre-Flight Checks
Before starting engines, the Captain must check that his starting crew are in place with fire extinguishers at hand.
Pre-Flight Checks vary considerably from aircraft to aircraft, but the relevant ones for each type are found in
the Aircrew Manual.
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Stop
Cut Engines
Hot Brakes
!
Marshalling Signals
Proceed to next marshaller
This way
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 4
General Flying
exitReturn to contents list
General Flying
Taxiing for take-off, the pilot stops at the holding point, a white line across the taxiway from which the pilot has a good view of the runway and final approach.
General Flying
At the holding point, light aircraft pilots turn their aircraft about 45 degrees into wind to complete their pre take-off checks.
General Flying
The caravan close to the runway holding position is occupied by the runway controller.
General Flying
Take-off is normally made into wind.
As the aircraft lines up, any headwind along the runway will serve to shorten the take-off run.
General Flying
A 30 knot headwind along the runway will be indicated as 30 kts on the aircraft’s airspeed indicator (ASI).
General Flying
Runway
The circuit
Downwind leg
Wind
pre-landing checks completed on this leg
‘Dead’ side
General Flying
Runway
The circuit
Downwind leg
Wind
Final approach
On approach, flaps are lowered to give a steeper descent for a set speed, a lower stalling speed and a
better view over the nose of the aircraft.
General Flying
Runway
The circuit
Downwind leg
Wind
Final approach
It must be remembered on approach that when the throttle is opened, a jet engine does not respond as
quickly as a piston engine.
General Flying
To land the aircraft the pilot changes the descending path of the approach to one level with, and just above, the ground.
This is known as the ‘round out’.
General Flying
The aircraft is then flown parallel to the ground with increasing angle of attack and falling airspeed until touchdown.
This is known as the ‘hold-off’ or ‘float’.
General Flying
Landing a nose-wheel aircraft, the nose-wheel should be held off the ground until after the main wheels touch.
General Flying
With tail wheel aircraft, all three wheels should touch the ground together – a three point touchdown.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 5
Aerobatics and Formation Flying
exitReturn to contents list
Aerobatics
Before any aerobatic flying, a pilot must carry out his HASELL checks:
Height
Airframe
Security
Engine
Lookout
Location
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
Rolling plane.
Yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Looping or Pitching plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the pitching plane is the loop.
Repeat
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Rolling plane.
The simplest aerobatic manoeuvre in the rolling plane is the barrel roll.
Repeat
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
Yawing plane.
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Aerobatics
An aircraft can be manoeuvred in three planes:
The stall turn is the only basic manoeuvre in the yawing plane.
Repeat
AerobaticsAircraft flying inverted appear to be flying with the nose
well above the horizon.
Aircraft wings are less efficient inverted, so a higher angle of attack is required for straight and level (inverted) flight.
The angle marked in the diagram is still the angle of attack even though the aircraft is inverted.
Formation Flying
The RAF’s definition of formation flying is:
‘An ordered arrangement of two or more aircraft proceeding together as an element.’
There are two types of formation flying:
Close Tactical
Take-off & Landing
Cloud penetration
Show and Display flying
Used for all tactical fighter operations
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Vic formation
Think of the ‘V’ in Vic and invert it.
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Vic formation
Echelon formation
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Line abreast
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Line abreast
Line
astern
Formation Flying
There are five standard section formations:
Box formation
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
Chapter 6
Aircraft Emergencies
exitReturn to contents list
Emergencies
Two degrees of aircraft emergency are recognised internationally:
Urgency – a message concerning the safety of persons or the aircraft.
Distress – the aircraft is threatened by serious or imminent danger & is in need of immediate assistance.
Emergencies
Each of these emergency messages have their own pro-word to alert ATC:
Urgency – ‘Pan, Pan, Pan’
Distress – ‘Mayday, Mayday, Mayday’
Emergencies
When using Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR), Air Traffic Control give a four digit code to the pilot which he enters into an instrument on the flight deck.
This code enables the aircraft to be positively identified on the controllers radar screen (along with
the aircraft’s callsign and height readout).
Emergencies
In the event of a total radio failure, the pilot will enter the code 7600 to alert ATC to the problem.
Within the U.K. a network of stations provide an emergency fixer service on the UHF frequency of
243 MHz.
Communications Failure
The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert ATC by flying a triangular pattern.
Communications Failure
The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert ATC by flying a triangular pattern.
If the transmitter only has failed, he will fly an equilateral triangle to the right.
Communications Failure
The pilot of an aircraft with radio problems can alert ATC by flying a triangular pattern.
If the transmitter and receiver have both failed, he will fly an equilateral triangle to the left.
AIRCRAFT HANDLING
The End
exitReturn to contents list
Aircraft Handling
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