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AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH EFFECTS (1)
ANTHRACOSISANTHRACOSISSILICOSISSILICOSIS
Archeological evidence shows air pollutants in the lungs of mummies
PLEUROSY IN PLEUROSY IN ROMAN TIMESROMAN TIMES
Rib lesions: evidence of indoor pollution from burning vegetable matter lamp oils at Herculaneum
Lancet 356, 1774 (2000)L. Capasso
SINUSITISSINUSITIS
Common in Saxon times
Often related to lack of chimneys
DOSEDOSE
Exposure to air pollutants has to account for both the concentration and the time of exposure
Dose can loosely be thought as the product of concentration and time…
DOSE RESPONSE RELATIOSNHIPDOSE RESPONSE RELATIOSNHIP
0
10
20
30
0 5 10 15
Dose
Res
pons
e
No Threshold
Threshold
Nutrient
THRESHOLD
PERCIVAL POTTS PERCIVAL POTTS AND THE CLIMBING BOYSAND THE CLIMBING BOYS
Potts first recognised occupational cancer through exposure to coal tars (1775)…
Scrotal and nasal cancers among chimney sweeps
PAH
The Water-Babies, Charles Kingsley (1862-1863)
BaPBaP
BENZO(a)PYRENE the ultimate carcinogen!
Importance of bay region
BENZO(a)PYRENE (BaP)BENZO(a)PYRENE (BaP)
Ultimate carcinogen!
REGULATING CARCINOGENSREGULATING CARCINOGENS
No thresholds BaP as an indicator Risk assessment Risk 1.5x10-5 per ng(BaP) m-3 (MOE 1997)
What is an acceptable risk? UK PAH [B(a)P] at 0.25 ng m-3
Annual mean by 31/12/10
OTHER POLLUTANTSOTHER POLLUTANTS
HCHO – suspect carcinogen but typically unregulated in outdoor environment interior concern via furnishing regulations
PAN –some suspicions about carcinogenicity, but irritant
BENZENE – carcinogen and regulated in EC, UK 5 µg m-3 (Ann. Mean)
CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON MONOXIDE AT ALTITUDEAT ALTITUDE
Some 480 accidental deaths and 2000 suicides per year in the US
Gas or charcoal barbeque indoors Poorly ventilated interiors especially cooking fumes
on climbing or polar expeditions Denver, Colorado high CO - high altitude means
incomplete combustion of gasoline in motor vehicles, but fuel wood also a significant source
CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON MONOXIDE IN SUBMARINESIN SUBMARINES
Carbon monoxide levels in. submarines: closed space smoking among crew and equipment
Catalytically converted to CO2
Smokers have heightened susceptibility
Physical symptoms headache Nausea dizziness vomiting
Cognitive Impairments attention problems multi-tasking problems poor time judgement
50 ppm (8 hr) show some symptoms
100 ppm (a few hours) flu-like symptoms
150-300 ppm dizziness, drowsiness and vomiting
>400 ppm unconsciousness, brain damage and death.
CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON MONOXIDE EFFECTSEFFECTS
Tissue hypoxia and oxidative stress…
CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)CARBOXYHEMOGLOBIN (HbCO)
CO binds with hemoglobin at 200-300 times the affinity of oxygen
CO + HbO2 O2 + HbCO Effects during exercise >2.5-4.0% Smokers as high as 10%, Ambient CO of 100 ppm produces
16% Tent with a kerosene camping
stove 21.5% Half-life 3-4 hours.
HbCO – aim at <2.5% for non-smokers - time and concentration dependent 10ppm (10hours) 25ppm (1 hour) 50ppm (30 min)
http://www.andyrak.com/digital01/hemoglobin.htm
BRONCHIAL TRACTBRONCHIAL TRACTCILIARY ELEVATORCILIARY ELEVATOR
Synergistic impact of SO2 and smoke
Bronchial epithelial
cellsMucous thickeroutside
Cilia
SULFUR DIOXIDESULFUR DIOXIDE
Despite great improvements still considerable impact on urban epidemiology
Affect on airway function especially among people with pre-existing complaints
Hospital admissions about 2% up for a 50 µgm-3 increase – not especially large
Mortality about 3% up for a 50 µgm-3 , but… …death bought forward by a days
SULFUR DIOXIDESULFUR DIOXIDE
Short term exposure 10-15 minutes 266 µgm-3 (15 min) 35 exceedences
per year (UK) 350 µgm-3 (1 hour) 9 exceedences
per year (NZ)
NITROGEN DIOXIDENITROGEN DIOXIDE
Very widespread exposure… in urban areas…
Long understanding of indoor exposure especially from gas cooking – wheeze among children
NASA’s Aura satellite
15 July 2006
NITROGEN DIOXIDENITROGEN DIOXIDE Exposure above 2000 µgm-3 required to show
bronchial response Asthmatics not too different …, but at 800 µgm-3 may sensitize to other
allergens Little confidence on mechanisms or relevant
day-to-day effects, but relevance may be the chronic impact.
200 µgm-3 (1 hour) 9 times per year (NZ)
OZONEOZONE
http://www.cerc.co.uk/YourAir/index.asp
Problem of heterogeneity…
Trees grow better in NY!Trees grow better in NY!
Nature JWGregg et al 424, p183 10 July 2003
OZONE EFFECTSOZONE EFFECTS Pulmonary system primary target Biochemical effect from oxidation or
peroxidation of biomolecules Ozone-caused lung damage
resembles “sunburn” Reduces lung function or aggravates
existing respiratory conditions such as asthma, emphysema or bronchitis
May cause chest pain, coughing, throat irritation or congestion
Healthy
Inflamed
http://www.sbcapcd.org/sbc/ozonehealth.htm
OZONEOZONE
Background 40-70 µg m-3 Summer 120-150 µg m-3 240 µg m-3 exercising – detriments to
lung function Recommendations close to background 120 µg m-3 (8-hour) WHO NZ Ozone (1-hour) 150 µg m-3
HUMAN HAIR OZONE REACTIONHUMAN HAIR OZONE REACTION
Secondary products Geranyl acetone
» trans-2,6-dimethyl-2,6-undecadien-2-one6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one
Decanal
Pandrangi and Morrison (2008)
LEADLEAD
Exposure to lead linked to criminal behaviour Jun 16, 2008: US study finds higher blood lead levels correlated to more arrests.
1,3-BUTADIENE1,3-BUTADIENE
Some concern in 96/62/EC but never adopted
UK, NZ(?) have set standards
Standards will probably be met
Carcinogen
FLUORIDEFLUORIDE
Some concern in 96/62/EC but never adopted
Brick making, aluminium production and coal combustion (big source in China)
Indoor contamination of surfaces In New Zealand
largely ecological worries
Aluminium smeltingAluminium smelting
SULFIDESSULFIDES
Hydrogen sulfide from catalytic converters - shifting the oxidation state of sulfur emissions
Regulation based on odour thresholds (7g m-3)
Mercaptans - pulp mills 0.5 ppm (Manitoba) Thiophenes and benzothiophenes from tyres,
combustion etc
Odour and carcinogenicity problems...
on to particles….
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