Agriculture - Los Rios Community College Districtthomsec/cg/cgag.pdfthe first 99.9999% of human...

Agriculture

Chapter 8

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Ag ic lt eAgricultureTraditional AgricultureTraditional AgricultureAgricultural RevolutionsGlobal restructuringGlobal restructuringSocial and Technological Change in Global

d dFood ProductionThe Environment and Agricultural IndustrializationProblems and Prospects in the Global

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Problems and Prospects in the Global Food System

Ag ic lt eAgricultureThe deliberate modification of Earth’sThe deliberate modification of Earth s surface by either cultivating plants or raising animals for food or moneyraising animals for food or money

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T pes of Ag ic lt eTypes of AgricultureSubsistence agricultureSubsistence agriculture

Growing food to eat or tradeCommercial agricultureCommercial agriculture

Cultivating plants or growing food to llsell

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De elopment of AgDevelopment of AgHumans were hunters and gatherers forHumans were hunters and gatherers for the first 99.9999% of human historyMore time efficientMore time efficient

H & G spend 4 hours/day workingl h h l lHealthier than early ag people

Less prone to starvation and famineLived longer and had a more varied diet

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De elopment of AgDevelopment of AgWhy stop H&G and start ag?Why stop H&G and start ag?No good theoryOver population led to need to do agOver population led to need to do agAg led to overpopulation

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De elopment of AgDevelopment of AgH&G had great knowledge of environmentH&G had great knowledge of environmentDiamond’s study 107/108 birdsWide variety of ag practicedWide variety of ag practiced

Modification of landscape

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Vegetati e ag ic lt eVegetative agriculturePlanting cuttings of plantsPlanting cuttings of plantsMultiple hearths

SE AsiaSE Asia W Africa S America

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Seed Ag ic lt eSeed AgricultureCame after vegetative agricultureCame after vegetative agricultureMultiple hearths

N ChinaN ChinaE AfricaCentral America

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North America

Tobacco

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Central America

CornTomatoesChili peppers Squash Beans Sweet potatoes Avocados CottonsCottons Agave

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South America

Guinea pigPotatoTomatoCacaoPeanutsPeanutsPineappleStrawberriesPapayasPearsBeans

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CashewsBrazil Nuts

¡Cuy!19

uy

Southwestern AsiaHemp ApplesBananas AlmondsBananas AlmondsYams PeachesLentils PlumsBeans FigsRices CherriesPeas PistachioPeas PistachioEggplants WalnutsGingers MelonsGingers MelonsMangoes OnionIndigo Oats

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gBeets BarleysSpinach

Northern Asia

Citrus RiceBamboos TeasMillets SoybeanslPlums Yams

Cabbages TarosBeans BarleysBeans BarleysPears Persimmons

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Southern Asia

CitrusBananasBananasYamsAlmondsCoconuts

Mediterranean

GrapesGrapesOlivesGarlicDatesLettuceBarleysOatsLentilsLentilsPeasCarrots

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CarrotsLeeks

AfricaCoffeeMilletsSorghumsRicesB lBarleysPeasBeansBeansCucumbersMelonsCottonsYams

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S bsistence agSubsistence agHunting and gatheringHunting and gatheringShifting cultivationIntensive subsistence agIntensive subsistence ag

Wet riceNot wet rice

Pastoral nomadismPastoral nomadism

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H nting and Gathe ingHunting and GatheringFun!Fun!250,000 people are H&GsMore efficientMore efficientNastiest places on planetForm of nomadism

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Shifting c lti ationShifting cultivationCalled slash and burn, swidden, milpaCalled slash and burn, swidden, milpaEcologically most appropriate use of humid tropicshumid tropics25% land used to feed 5% population

h h dTechniques very sophisticated, technology very simple

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Shifting c lti ationShifting cultivationPlots cleared, burned, plantedPlots cleared, burned, plantedDifferent plants cultivated over timeMany different fields in useMany different fields in useFields used for several years, then b d dabandoned

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Kayapó means “those whoKayapó means those who look like monkeys”,. But the Kayapó refer to themselvesKayapó refer to themselves as Mebêngôkre, “the men from the water hole/place.”from the water hole/place.

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KayapoKayapoCreate islands of vegetationg

IntercroppingBlend harmonious plant energiesBlend harmonious plant energiesCultivate plants to attract gameUse IPM (Integrated Pest Management)Use IPM (Integrated Pest Management)

Encourage beneficial insectsU A t t t l l f tt tUse Aztec ants to repel leaf cutter antsCultivate trees for wasps

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Ka apoKayapoModerate soilModerate soil

TemperatureLight levelsLight levelsMoistureNutrient levels

Use dozens of different ashes as fertilizerUse dozens of different ashes as fertilizerOver 150 different treatments for diarrhea

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Ka apoKayapoPlant in concentric ringsPlant in concentric ringsSweet potatoes/yams in centerIn middle corn rice maniocIn middle corn, rice, maniocTrees in outer rings bananas, pineapple,

bpapaya, mango, beans

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Shifting c lti ationShifting cultivationBiggest problem is WB, IMFBiggest problem is WB, IMF

Development projects for timber or cattle clear forestcattle clear forestIndigenous people cleared off

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Pasto al nomadismPastoral nomadismDone in 2d nastiest areas - 20% planetDone in 2d nastiest areas 20% planetCold or dry climatesPeople wandering around with animalsPeople wandering around with animals

Camels, horses, sheep, goats, catsUsually don’t eat animals, only animal productsTrade for veggies

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Pasto al nomadismPastoral nomadismSome migrate seasonallySome migrate seasonallyWide range from nomadic to sedentary

Sometimes depends on climateSometimes depends on climateBiggest problem WB and governments

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Intensi e S bsistenceIntensive SubsistenceHeavy human labor inputHeavy human labor input

(that’s the intensive part)Food grown to eatFood grown to eat

(that’s the subsistence part)Wet riceNot wet riceNot wet rice

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Wet RiceWet RiceGlobally very importantGlobally very important

India, China, Japan, Indonesia,All available land is usedAll available land is usedFew machinesGrain not grown for animals

Pigs, chickens, fishPigs, chickens, fish

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Wet RiceWet RiceLittle rices grown in nurseryLittle rices grown in nurseryTransplanted by hand into paddiesWater levels very criticalWater levels very critical

Dams, dikes, paddy walls maintainedGrown ¾ life wet, then dried and harvested by hand

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Not et iceNot wet riceSubsistence agricultureSubsistence agricultureWheat, barley, corn, other grains and legumeslegumesCrops rotated through different fields

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Ag ic lt al Re ol tionsAgricultural RevolutionsFirst agricultural revolutionFirst agricultural revolutionSecond agricultural revolutionThird agricultural revolutionThird agricultural revolutionIndustrialization of agriculture

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Fi st Ag ic lt al Re ol tionFirst Agricultural Revolution10,000 BCE10,000 BCESeed agricultureUse of plow and draft animalsUse of plow and draft animals

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Second Ag ic lt al Re ol tionSecond Agricultural Revolution1650 CE in Western Europe, North1650 CE in Western Europe, North AmericaProduction of AG surplusProduction of AG surplusSurplus sold for profit

k d d l lLinked to Industrial RevolutionEnclosure movement

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Thi d Ag ic lt al Re ol tionThird Agricultural Revolution1928 CE1928 CE Agriculture as IndustryIndustrial methods and policies ofIndustrial methods and policies of production

h fEmphasis on profitFarms became large commercial enterprises

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R i h O iRosie the Organic Free Range ChickenFree Range Chicken

20 000 chickens / football field20,000 chickens / football fieldBiohazard suit for visitors to protect chickenschickens2 weeks free range5 week life span total

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Third Agricultural Revolution–Ind st iali ationIndustrialization

MechanizationMechanizationChemical farmingFood manufacturingFood manufacturingReplacement

Machines for peopleChemicals for biological inputsChemicals for biological inputsIndustrial substitutes for ag products

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Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics

Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmers1930 7 million farms1950 5 6 million farms1950 5.6 million farms1960 4 million farms1993 2 million farmsToday less than 1% US populationToday less than 1% US population farmersUnder 1 million farmers 2 2 million

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Under 1 million farmers, 2.2 million people in jails

Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics

Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmersLarge farm size

National average 469 acresNational average 469 acresCA average +3,200 acres = 5 sq mi

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Commercial agriculture h t i ticharacteristics32,500 farms lost per year from 1987 to32,500 farms lost per year from 1987 to 199280% were family farms80% were family farmsNow 50,000 farm operations supply 75% us foodus food

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Small fa ms s big fa msSmall farms vs. big farmsDinuba ArvinPop 6,000635 farms

Pop 7,000135 farms635 farms

Avg. 45 ac4 elem 1 hs

135 farmsAvg. 297 ac1 hs4 elem, 1 hs

½ town farm owners2X churches civic

1 hs2/3 town field workers2X churches, civic,

social orgsworkers

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Fa m Si eFarm SizeConverting from 1,280 acre farms to 320Converting from 1,280 acre farms to 320 acre farms would

Generate 540 new jobsGenerate 540 new jobsIncrease retail sales $16 million

l $ llIncrease personal income $6.2 millionUSDA says small farms are most efficient by 2 to 10 times

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Fa m Si eFarm SizeSmall farms (27 acres) 10XSmall farms (27 acres) 10Xmore efficient per acre than large (6000 acre) farmsacre) farmsFarms of 4 acres are over 100X more efficient per acreefficient per acre

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Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics

Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmersLarge farm sizeHeavy machine and fossil fuel useHeavy machine and fossil fuel use

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Fossil F elsFossil FuelsEarth Bound Farms organic salad mixEarth Bound Farms organic salad mix

58 calories of fossil fuel: 1 calorie of saladsalad

20% fossil fuel use is for Ag8 f l f l f l18% fossil fuel use is for personal use

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Fossil F elsFossil Fuels400 gallons/year of oil needed to feed 1400 gallons/year of oil needed to feed 1 person1kg Nitrogen fertilizer requires 1 6ℓ diesel1kg Nitrogen fertilizer requires 1.6ℓ dieselIn 2002 US used 12,009,300 TONS of N fertilizer or 96 000 000 barrels of oilfertilizer or 96,000,000 barrels of oilFrom 1945 to 1994 fertilizer use increased b ld d b 3by 4 X, crop yields increased by 3 XFossil fuel use in US increased 20 X in last

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40 years

Fossil F elsFossil Fuels10/1 ratio for input energy / food energy10/1 ratio for input energy / food energy½ of plains topsoil lost since 1960

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Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics

Few farms and few farmersFew farms and few farmersLarge farm sizeHeavy machine and fossil fuel useHeavy machine and fossil fuel useGoods sold to producers, not consumersHeavy chemical use

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Commercial agriculture cha acte isticscharacteristics

Heavy chemical useHeavy chemical usePesticidesHerbicidesHerbicidesFertilizers

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Random FactsRandom Facts30% of children’s meals are fast food30% of children s meals are fast food1/5 of American meals are eaten in cars16% of the average American’s calories16% of the average American’s calories are from added sugars

f lFor teenagers it is 20% of calories

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Random FactsRandom FactsSpending on Healthcare FoodSpending on Healthcare Food1960 9% 18%Today 16% 5%Today 16% 5%

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PesticidesPesticides

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Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use

25,000,000 cases of pesticide poisoning worldwideworldwide220,000 deaths/year worldwide due to pesticide poisoningpesticide poisoning10,000 deaths/year in US from cancer f dfrom pesticides

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A young Mexican girl drinking water from an empty pesticide container. This picture t l d t tstrongly demonstrates

the lack of education about the dangers ofabout the dangers of pesticides in rural areas of the developing world.p g

Photograph: PATRICIA DIAZ

Global Restructuring of Ag ic lt al S stemsAgricultural Systems

Forces of GlobalizationForces of GlobalizationGreen RevolutionAgricultural change in Latin AmericaAgricultural change in Latin AmericaThe organization of the Agro-Food systemFood regimes

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Social and Technological ChangeSocial and Technological ChangeTwo examplesTwo examplesThe Green RevolutionBiotechnologyBiotechnologyGMOs

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Ag ic lt e s the En i onmentAgriculture vs. the Environment

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Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use

14 million people in US drink poisoned water from agriculturewater from agriculture70% of water pollution in US is from agricultureagriculture

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Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use

5,000,000,000 lbs/year in USPesticides 20 lbs/personPesticides 20 lbs/person Butter 5 lbs/personCoffee 8 lbs/person

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Comme cial ag ic lt eCommercial agricultureHeavy chemical useHeavy chemical use

Cotton uses 25% chemicalsCotton is only 5% of crops grownCotton is only 5% of crops grown1/3 pound of chemicals per t-shirt57 million pounds in CA on 6 counties

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSOf all insecticides used globally each year, the g y y ,amount used on cotton: 25%

Most acutely toxic pesticide registered by theMost acutely toxic pesticide registered by the E.P.A.: aldicarb (used frequently on cotton)

In California, between 1970 - 1994, amount of total aldicarb application used on cotton: 85-95%95%.

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of pesticides presently on theNumber of pesticides presently on the market that were registered before being tested to determine if they caused cancer,tested to determine if they caused cancer, birth defects or wildlife toxicity: 400

Amount of time it takes to ban a pesticide in the U.S. using present procedures: 10in the U.S. using present procedures: 10 years

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of active ingredients in pesticides found to cause cancer in animals or humans: 107

Of those active ingredients, the number still in guse today:83

Number of pesticides that are reproductive p ptoxins according to the California E.P.A.: 15

Number of pesticides found to cause preproductive problems in animals: 14

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSMost serious cause of groundwaterMost serious cause of groundwater pollution confirmed in California:agricultural chemicals.agricultural chemicals.

Number of pesticides found in drinking wells of California since 1982: 68.

Number of California wells affected: 957Number of California wells affected: 957.

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of farming communities affected: g36

% of the total U S population supplied% of the total U.S. population supplied with drinking water from groundwater: 50%

Number of different pesticides documented by the E P A to be presentdocumented by the E.P.A. to be present in groundwater in 1988: 74

Number of states affected: 32104

Number of states affected: 32

PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of states in which aldicarb has been detected in the groundwater: 16

Percentage of all U.S. counties containing g ggroundwater susceptible to contamination from agricultural pesticides and fertilizers: 46%.

Number of people in the U.S. routinely drinking water contaminated with carcinogenic herbicides: 14 millionherbicides: 14 million.

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSPercentage of municipal water treatment g pfacilities lacking equipment to remove these chemicals from the drinking water: 90%

Estimated total costs for U.S. groundwater monitoring: US$900 million to 2.2 billionmonitoring: US$900 million to 2.2 billion

Estimated costs for U.S. groundwater carbon filtration cleanup: up to $25 million per sitefiltration cleanup: up to $25 million per site

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSPercentage of all food samples tested by the g p yFDA in 1980 which contained pesticide residues: 38%

Of the 496 pesticides identified as likely to leave residues in food, the percentage which FDA , p gtests can routinely detect: 40%

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSAverage number of serious pesticide-Average number of serious pesticiderelated accidents between World War II and 1980: 1 every 5 years.and 1980: 1 every 5 years.

Average number of serious pesticide-related accidents between 1980 and the present: 2 every year.

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSIncrease in cancer rates between 1950 and 1986: 37%

Number of Americans who will learn they have ycancer this year: 1 million.

Number who will die from it: 500,000.,

Cost to U.S. of cancer in terms of lost production, income, medical expenses andproduction, income, medical expenses and research resources: US$39 billion each year.

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSHighest rate of chemical-related illness of any occupational group in the U.S.A.: farm workers

Pesticide-related illnesses among farm workers in U.S.A. each year: approximately 300,000.

Number of people in the U.S. who die each year from cancer related to pesticides: 10,400.

Number of people in the U.S. killed each year by assault rifles: 250.

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSMaximum safe level of perchlorate, the main p ,ingredient of rocket and missile fuel, in drinking water0.03 micrograms per kg of body weightPerchlorate found in leafy vegetables grown in California with irrigation water contaminated by leaks or dumping from military contractors

f4,490.00 micrograms per kg of produce

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSTotal weight of chemical weapons in Iraq g p qbefore the 2003 war, as estimated by the American Federation of Scientists3,850 tonsTotal weight of just six of the most g jdangerous pesticides at large in the global environment7,000,000 tons

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSPeople killed by Iraqi chemical weapons in p y q pthe six-year period preceding the 2003 U.S. War on Iraq0People killed by pesticides, as estimated p y p ,by the World Health Organization, during the same six-year periodover 1,300,000

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSNumber of deaths in the United States each year for which death certificates list the cause of death as air pollution0Number of U.S. deaths actually caused by y yair pollution, as estimated by the Harvard School of Public Health60,000

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PESTICIDE STATISTICSPESTICIDE STATISTICSProjected increase in the world'sProjected increase in the world s population between 1995 and 202025 percent25 percentProjected increase in the world's chemical production between 1995 and 2020production between 1995 and 202080 percent

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Biotech Wo ldBiotech WorldMonsatanMonsatanNovartisTRIPSTRIPSTheft of Indigenous Knowledge

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BiotechBiotechHerbicide resistanceHerbicide resistancePesticide productionTerminator geneTerminator geneGolden rice with vitamin A – 38lbs/day

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BST/ BGHrBST/rBGHRecombinant Bovine Growth HormoneRecombinant Bovine Growth HormoneIGF-1 = cancerIncreased udder infections (+79%)Increased udder infections (+79%)

Pus and bacteria in milkMore antibiotics used30% family farms may close30% family farms may close

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O ganic ag ic lt eOrganic agricultureIntegrated approach to agricultureIntegrated approach to agriculture“Alternative Agriculture”Feed the soil to feed the plantFeed the soil to feed the plantIPM

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O ganic ag ic lt eOrganic agricultureCCOF certifiedCCOF certified

3d party certification3 year process3 year process

Soil planApproved chemical listsChemical logsChemical logs

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O ganic ag ic lt eOrganic agricultureCSACSA

Community Supported AgricultureSmall scaleSmall scaleDiversifiedBetter prices for farmer and consumer

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