Aggression in the Sports World

8/16/2019 Aggression in the Sports World

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/aggression-in-the-sports-world 1/287

230 Aggression in the Sports World

Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2001). Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versusinstrumental aggression dichotomy?Psychological Review, 108 , 273–279.

This article provides a thoughtful and convincing reexamination of a long-standingdistinction between two types of aggression.

Retrosheet, Inc.<www.retrosheet.org>This volunteer organization of baseball enthusiasts has as its goal the creation of adetailed, play-by-play database for every game ever played in major league baseball. Theyhave already made impressive strides toward their goal, that is, data from every gameplayed from 1957 to 2005 (except 1999) is presently available along with a number ofnonconsecutive seasons. Ultimately, the Retrosheet organization plans to make the infor-mation available to all interested researchers. If you wish to volunteer your time, energy,or provide copies of game accounts/records, contact information is on the web site.Savage, J. (2004). Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A meth-

odological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10 , 99–128.This large-scale methodological review of empirical research on the effects of televi-

sion on criminal aggression might instead have been a Suggested Reading for Chapter 4

sion on criminal aggression might instead have been a Suggested Reading for Chapter 4.However, because it largely involves detailed discussion of methodological issues it providesa valuable extension to the foregoing section on Methods.Stanovich, K. E. (2006). How to think straight about psychology (8th ed.). New York:

Allyn & Bacon.In my opinion this book should be required reading for all students entering the

social sciences. This reader-friendly paperback will also clarify for the lay person whatscience is, and is not, all about. Above all, it is entertaining and dispels the mysterysurrounding scienti c investigations. It further provides the reader with the intellec-tual tools to debunk the misleading claims of pop psychologists and pseudo-sciencepractitioners.

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Methods, Measures, and Views of Sports Aggression 231

people tend to be lighter. Were we to actually gather information on people’sheight and weight, a correlation coef cient in the range of .60 to .80 wouldbe expected. As the recorded heights of individuals increase, the weights ofthese same individuals also tend to increase.

Consider a basic question asked by investigators of crowd violence, that is, therelationship between age and involvement in disorders. Data collected throughinterviews with spectators at sport venues consistently reveal that it is the youngermales who become embroiled in disturbances, with the older men tending toavoid involvement. That is, as age increases, involvement in crowd disordersdecreases. A negative correlation in the range from .35 to .40 might re ectthe strength of this particular relationship. Negative and positive correlations areof equal importance. The sign ( or ) simply tells the reader thedirection ofincreases in the values on one variable relative to those on the second.

The size necessary for a correlation to be “signi cant,” that is other than theresult of chance, depends on the sample size. Generally, if the correlation is cal-

, p p y,culated with a small sample, it must be fairly large to be statistically signi cant.On the other hand, a small correlation based on a large sample may also besigni cant. Tables are available at the back of most elementary statistical textsfor determining if a particular correlation coef cient is signi cant or falls shortof signi cance.

A nal point that is frequently overlooked by consumers of research

ndings and even some researchers has to do with the concept ofcausal-ity. Simply because two variables are found to be signi cantly related doesnot as a consequence allow us to infer causality, that is, that changes in onevariable are producing changes in the other. For example, approximately 150youngsters have entered in the State Amateur Golf Championship in the 15years and under bracket. An enthusiastic graduate student at a nearby col-

232 Aggression in the Sports World

A signi cant correlation does not allow us to infer that changes in the valueson one variable are in some way causing changes in the values on the secondvariable. It may seem likely, even very likely, that they are but rst evidenceor reasoning suf cient to discount the merits of rival explanations must be

presented. This is a daunting task for our student.Consider the nding by Semyonov and Farbstein (1989) of a signi cant

correlation of .28 between the levels of team violence and levels of spectators’violence across 297 Israeli soccer teams. That is “teams characterized by violentplayers are more likely to have violent spectators” (p. 50). Incidentally, the cor-relation calculated over a 14-year period of league play rose to.50! What is thedirection of causality? Are violent players increasing spectator aggression or areviolent spectators somehow fueling the aggression of players? Using a sophis-ticated statistical analysis, the researchers determined the causal in uence wasunidirectional, that is “it is violence in the eld that sparks violence in the stands”(p. 56). See a challenge to this general conclusion in the form of evidence to the

(p ) g gcontrary showing that members of an audience can also directly or indirectlyincrease the aggression of those they observe (see Chapter 1, pp. 18–19).

References

Adang, O. M. J., & Stott, C. J. (2004).Preparing for Euro 2004: Policing international football matches in Portugal . Unpublished report for the Portuguese Public SecurityPolice.

Allport, G. W. (1965).Pattern and growth in personality . New York: Holt, Rinehart &Winston.

Altshuler, E., Ramos, O., Núnez, Y., Fernández, J., Batista-Leyva, A. J., & Noda, C. (2005).Symmetry breaking in escaping ants.The American Naturalist, 166 , 643–649.

Anastasi, A., & Urbina, S. (1988).Psychological testing (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River,NJ: Prentice-Hall.

234 References

Apter, M. J. (1982).The experience of motivation: The theory of psychological reversals. London: Academic Press.

Apter, M. J. (1992).The dangerous edge: The psychology of excitement. New York: FreePress.

Archer, D., & Gartner, R. (1984).Violence and crime in cross-national perspective . NewHaven, CT: Yale University Press.

Ardrey, R. (1966).The territorial imperative. New York: Antheneum.Arms, R. L., & Russell, G. W. (1997). Impulsivity, ght history and camaraderie as

predictors of a willingness to escalate a disturbance.Current Psychology: Research& Reviews, 15 , 279–285.

Arms, R. L., Russell, G. W., & Sandilands, M. L. (1979). Effects of viewing aggressivesports on the hostility of spectators.Social Psychology Quarterly, 42 , 275–279.

Armstrong, J. (2005, June 17). Hockey enforcers: Next big sport or goon show?TheGlobe and Mail, pp. S1–S2.

Aveni, A. F. (1977). The not-so-lonely crowd: Friendship groups in collective behavior.Sociometry, 40 , 96–99.

Averill L A (1950) The impact of a changing culture upon pubescent idealsSchool

Averill. L. A. (1950). The impact of a changing culture upon pubescent ideals.School

and Society, 72 , 49–53.Bailey, A. A., & Hurd, P. L. (2005). Finger length ratio (2D:4D) correlates with physicalaggression in men but not in women. Biological Psychology, 68 , 215–222.

Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A. (1986).Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitationof aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63 , 575–582.

Bar ght pictures to avoid race riots. (1910, July 6).The New York Times, p. 3.Barash, D. (1979).The whisperings within. New York: Harper & Row.Barnett, S. A. (1988). Biology and freedom. New York: Cambridge University Press.Barney, R. K. (1985). The hailed, the haloed, and the hallowed: Sport heroes and

References 235Baron, R. A., & Byrne, D. (1997).Social psychology (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and

Bacon.Baron, R. A., & Richardson, D. R. (1994). Human aggression (2nd ed.). New York:

Plenum Press.Baron, R. A., Russell, G. W., & Arms, R. L. (1985). Negative ions and behavior: Impact

on mood, memory, and aggression among Type A and Type B persons. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 48 , 746–754.

Barrett, L. (1993, July 23–29). Room at the top.The European , p. 27.Bartholow, B. D., Sestir, M. A., & Davis, E. B. (2005). Correlates and consequences

of exposure to video game violence: Hostile personality, empathy, and aggressivebehavior.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31 , 1573–1586.

Barton, R. A., & Hill, R. A. (2005). Hill & Barton reply, Nature, 437 , E10–E11.Bateup, H. S., Booth, A., Shirtcliff, E. A., & Granger, D. A. (2002). Testosterone, cortisol,

and women’s competition. Evolution and Human Behavior, 23 , 181–182.Baumrind, D. (1964). Some thoughts on the ethics of research: After reading Milgram’s

“Behavioral study of obedience.” American Psychologist, 19 , 421–423.Beal D J O’Neal E C Ong J & Ruscher J B (2000) The ways and means of inter-

Beal, D. J., O Neal, E. C., Ong, J., & Ruscher, J. B. (2000). The ways and means of inter-

racial aggression: Modern racists’ use of covert retaliation.Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin, 26 , 1225–1238.

Becker, C. B. (1982). Philosophical perspectives on the martial arts in America. Journalof the Philosophy of Sport, 9 , 19–29.

Beisser, A. R. (1979). The sports fan and recreational violence.Psychiatric Annals,9, 78–85.

Bell, P. A. (1992). In defense of the negative affect escape model of heat and aggression.Psychological Bulletin, 111 , 342–346.

Bell, P. A., & Baron, R. A. (1976). Aggression and heat: The mediating role of negativeaffect. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6 , 18–30.

Bell, P. A., Fisher, J. D., Baum, A., & Green, T. E. (1990). Environmental psychology (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.

Benedict, J., & Yaeger, D. (1998).Pros and cons: The criminals who play in the NFL.

236 ReferencesBerkowitz, L. (1984). Some effects of thoughts on anti- and prosocial in uences of media

events: A cognitive-neoassociation analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 95 , 419–427.Berkowitz, L. (1989). Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformulation.

Psychological Bulletin, 106 , 59–73.Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences, and control. New York:

McGraw-Hill.Berkowitz, L., & Alioto, J. T. (1973). The meaning of an observed event as a determi-

nant of its aggressive consequences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,28 , 206–217.

Berkowitz, L., & Geen, R. G. (1966). Film violence and the cue properties of availabletargets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3 , 525–530.

Berkowitz, L., & Le Page, A. (1967). Weapons as aggression-eliciting stimuli. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 7 , 202–207.

“Berlin’s Olympic Stadium . . . ” (2006, April 7).Toronto Globe and Mail.Berman, M., Gladue, B., & Taylor, S. (1993). The effects of hormones, Type A behavior

pattern, and provocation on aggression in males. Motivation and Emotion,17 125–138

17 , 125 138.

Bernhardt, P. C., & Dabbs, J. M. (1998, May).Testosterone increases in basketball fans. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Society,Washington, DC.

Bernhardt, P. C., Dabbs, J. M., Fielden, J. A., & Lutter, C. D. (1998). Testosterone changesduring vicarious experiences of winning and losing among fans at sporting events.Physiology and Behavior, 65 , 59–62.

Bernthal, M. J. (2003). The effect of professional wrestling viewership on children.TheSport Journal, 6 .

Berscheid, E., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (1989). The Relationship Closeness Inventory:Assessing the closeness of interpersonal relationships. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 57 , 792–807.

Bettencourt, B. A., Talley, A., Benjamin, A. J., & Valentine, J. (2006). Personalityand aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: A meta-analytic

References 237Borden, R. J., & Taylor, S. P. (1973). The social instigation and control of physical

aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 3 , 354–361.Boy, 10, stoned police after football match (2004, May 27).The Scotsman.Boyanowsky, E. O., & Grif ths, C. T. (1982). Weapons and eye contact as instigators

or inhibitors of aggressive arousal in police-citizen interaction. Journal of AppliedSocial Psychology, 12 , 398–407.

Boyanowsky, E. O., Newtson, D., & Walster, E. (1974). Film preferences following amurder. Communications Research, 1 , 32–43.

Branscombe, N. R., & Wann, D. L. (1992). Physiological arousal and reactions tooutgroup members that implicate an important social identity. Aggressive Behavior,18, 85–93.

Bredemeier, B. J., Weiss, M. R., Shields, D. L., & Cooper, B. A. B. (1986). The relationshipof sport involvement with children’s moral reasoning and aggression tendencies.

Journal of Sport Psychology, 8 , 304–318.Brennan, C. (1994, January 7). Skater attacked at Olympic trials.The Washington

Post , p. A1.Brissett, M., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (1973). Internal versus external control of reinforcement and

Brissett, M., & Nowicki, S., Jr. (1973). Internal versus external control of reinforcement and

reaction to frustration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25 , 35–44.Brown, R. (1965).Social psychology. New York: The Free Press.Brown, T. J., Sumner, K. E., & Nocera, R. (2002). Understanding sexual aggression

against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17 , 937–952.Bryan, C., & Horton, R. (1976). School athletics and fan aggression. Educational

Researcher, 5 , 2–11.Bryant, J. (1989). Viewers’ enjoyment of televised sports violence. In L. A. Wenner

(Ed.), Media, sports, and society (pp. 270–289). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Bryant, J., Brown, D., Comisky, P. W., & Zillmann, D. (1982). Sports and spectators:

Commentary and appreciation. Journal of Communication, 32 , 109–119.Bryant, J., Comisky, P., & Zillmann, D. (1981). The appeal of rough-and-tumble play in

televised professional football.Communication Quarterly, 29 , 256–262.Burnham, J. R. (1968). Effects of experimenter’s expectancies on children’s ability to

238 ReferencesBuss, A. H. (1961).The psychology of aggression. New York: Wiley.Buss, A. H., Booker, A., & Buss, E. (1972). Firing a weapon and aggression. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 22 , 296–302.Buss, A. H., & Durkee, A. (1957). An inventory for assessing different kinds of hostility.

Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21 , 343–349.Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology, 63 , 452–459.Butz, D. A., Plant, E. A., & Doerr, C. E. (2007). Liberty and justice for all? Implications

of exposure to the U.S. ag for intergroup relations.Personality and SocialPsychology Bulletin, 33 , 396–408.

Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. (1963). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally.

Canter, D., Comber, M., & Uzzell, D. L. (1989).Football in its place: An environmental psychology of football grounds . New York: Routledge.

Cantril, H. (1943). Causes and control of riot and panic.Public Opinion Quarterly,7 , 669–679.

Caplow, T. (1964).Principles of organization. New York: Harcourt, Brace, & World.

p , ( ) p g , ,

Carlsmith, J. M., & Anderson, C. A. (1979). Ambient temperature and the occurrence ofcollective violence: A new analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,37 , 337–344.

Carlson, M., Marcus-Newhall, A., & Miller, N. (1990). Effects of situational aggres-sion cues: A quantitative review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,58 , 622–633.

Caron, S. L., Halteman, W. A., & Stacy, C. (1997). Athletes and rape: Is there a connec-tion? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 85 , 1379–1393.

Carver, C. S., Coleman, A. E., & Glass, D. C. (1976). The coronary-prone behavior pat-tern and the suppression of fatigue on a treadmill test. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 33 , 460–466.

Carver, C. S., DeGregorio, E., & Gillis, R. (1981). Challenge and Type-A behavior amongintercollegiate football players.Journal of Sport Psychology, 3 , 140–148.

References 239Cherek, D. R., Tcheremissine, O. V., & Lane, S. D. (2006). Psychopharmacology of

human aggression: Laboratory and clinical studies. In R. J. Nelson (Ed.), Biology ofaggression (pp. 424–446). New York: Oxford University Press.

Christie, R., & Geis, F. (1970).Studies in Machiavellianism. New York: AcademicPress.

Christy, C. A., & Voigt, H. (1994). Bystander responses to public episodes of child abuse. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24 , 824–847.

Cleckley, H. (1976).The mask of sanity (5th ed.) St. Louis: C.V. Mosby.Coalter, F. (1985). Crowd behaviour at football matches: A study in Scotland, Leisure

Studies, 4 , 111–117.Coates, J. F. (1972). Wit and humor: A neglected aid in crowd and mob control.Crime

and Delinquency, 18 , 184–191.Cohen, S. (1973).Folk devils and moral panics. London: Paladin.Cohen, D., Nisbett, R. E., Bowdle, B. E., & Schwarz, N. (1996). Insult, aggression,

and the Southern culture of honor: An “experimental ethnography.” Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 70 , 945–960.

Comisky, P., Bryant, J., & Zillmann, D. (1977). Commentary as a substitute for action.

y, , y , , , ( ) y

Journal of Communication, 27 , 150–153.Court-Brown, W. M. (1968). Males with an XYY sex chromosome complement. Journalof Medical Genetics, 5 , 341–359.

Cresswell, P. (1992, December 10–13). Attacked by thugs on a crowded street.The European , p. 30.

Crews, D. J., Shirreffs, J. H., Thomas, G., Krahenbuhl, G. S., & Helfrich, H. M. (1986).Psychological and physiological attributes associated with performance of selectedplayers of the Ladies Professional Golf Association tour.Perceptual and MotorSkills, 63 , 235–238.

Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964).The approval motive: Studies in evaluative depen-dence. New York: Wiley.

Curtin, J. S. (2004, August 10). Japan 3 China 1—but both are losers. Asia Times Online.Curtis, J., Loy, J., & Karnilowicz, W. (1986). A comparison of suicide-dip effects of

240 ReferencesDeutsch, M. (1949). The effects of cooperation and competition upon group processes.

Human Relations, 2 , 199–231.Dewar, C. K. (1979). Spectator ghts at professional baseball games. Review of Sport &

Leisure, 4 , 12–25.Diab, L. N. (1970). A study of intragroup and intergroup relations among experimentally

produced small groups.Genetic Psychology Monographs, 82 , 49–82.Diener, E. (1980). Deindividuation: The absence of self-awareness and self-regulation

in group members. In P. B. Paulus (Ed.),The psychology of group in uence (pp. 209–242). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Diener, E., & DeFour, D. (1978). Does television violence enhance program popularity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36 , 333–341.

Diener, E., & Woody, L. W. (1981). Television violence, con ict, realism, and action. Communication Research, 8 , 281–308.

Dollard, J., Doob, L., Miller, N., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939).Frustration andaggression. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Donnerstein, E., Donnerstein, M., Simon, S., & Ditrichs, R. (1972). Variables in interra-cial aggression: Anonymity, expected retaliation, and a riot. Journal of Personality

and Social Psychology, 22 , 236–245.Donnerstein, E., & Wilson, D. W. (1976). Effects of noise and perceived control onongoing and subsequent aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 34 , 774–781.

Doob, A., & Macdonald, G. (1979). Television viewing and fear of victimization: Is therelationship causal? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37 , 170–179.

Drake, B., & Pandey, S. (1996). Do child abuse rates increase on those days on whichprofessional sporting events are held? Journal of Family Violence, 11 , 205–218.

Dunand, M. A. (1986). Violence et panique dans le stade de football de Bruxelles en1985: Approche psychosociale des evenements.Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive,6 , 235–266.

Dunning, E., Murphy, P., & Williams, J. (1986). Spectator violence at football matches:Towards a sociological explanation.British Journal of Sociology, 37 , 221–255.

References 241Edwards, D. A., Wetzel, J., & Wyner, D. R. (2006). Intercollegiate soccer: Saliva

cortisol and testosterone are elevated during competition, and testosterone is relatedto status and social connectedness with teammates.Physiology and Behavior,87 , 135–143.

Eisinger, P. K. (1973). The conditions of protest behavior in American cities. AmericanPolitical Science Review, 67 , 11–28.

Elias, M. (1981). Serum cortisol, testosterone, and testosterone-binding globulin responsesto competitive ghting in human males. Aggressive Behavior, 7 , 215–224.

Elliott, D. S., & Ageton, S. S. (1980). Reconciling age and class differences in self-reported and of cial estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review,45, 95–110.

Elliott, D., & Smith, D. (1993). Football stadia disasters in the United Kingdom: Learningfrom tragedy? Industrial & Environmental Crisis Quarterly, 7 , 205–229.

Ellsworth, P. C. (1975). Direct gaze as a social stimulus: The example of aggression. InP. Pliner, L. Krames, & T. Alloway (Eds.), Nonverbal communication of aggression (Vol. 2). New York: Plenum.

Ellsworth, P. C., Carlsmith, J. M., & Henson, A. (1972). The stare as a stimulus to ight

in human subjects: A series of eld experiments. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 21 , 302–311.Endean, C. (1993, September 23–26). Racism takes a turn for the worse.The

European , p. 4.Ennis, R., & Zanna, M. P. (1990, June). Hockey assault: Constitutive versus normative

violations. Paper presented at the meeting of the Canadian Psychological Association,Ottawa.

Evans, R. I. (1974). A conversation with Konrad Lorenz about aggression, homosexual-ity, pornography, and the need for a new ethic.Psychology Today, 8 , 82–93.

Everett, A. (1988). The role of personality in violent relationships. In G. W. Russell(Ed.), Violence in intimate relationships (pp. 135–148). Great Neck, NY: PMAPublishing.

Eysenck, H. J., Nias, D. K. B., & Cox, D. N. (1982). Sport and personality. Advances in

242 ReferencesFrank, M. G., & Gilovich, T. (1988). The dark side of self-and social perception: Black

uniforms and aggression in professional sports. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 54 , 74–85.

Freedman, J. L. (1984). Effect of television on aggressiveness.Psychological Bulletin,96 , 227–246.

Freedman, J. L., Levy, A. S., Buchanan, R. W., & Price, J. (1972). Crowding and humanaggressiveness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8 , 528–548.

French, J. (1941). Experimental study of group panic. Journal of the Elisha MitchellScienti c Society, 57 , 195.

French, J. (1944). Organized and unorganized groups under fear and frustration.University of Iowa Studies: Studies in Child Welfare. Iowa City: University of IowaPress.

Frodi, A. (1975). The effect of exposure to weapons on aggressive behavior from a cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Psychology, 10 , 283–292.

Frodi, A. (1977). Sexual arousal, situational restrictiveness, and aggressive behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 11 , 48–58.

Frodi, A., Macauley, J., & Thome, P. R. (1977). Are women always less aggressive

than men?: A review of the experimental literature.Psychological Bulletin,84 , 634–660.Gaebelein, J. (1973). Third-party instigation of aggression: An experimental approach.

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27 , 389–395.Gaebelein, J., & Taylor, S. P. (1971). The effects of competition and attack on physical

aggression.Psychonomic Science, 24 , 65–67.Gantner, A. B., & Taylor, S. P. (1988). Human physical aggression as a function of

diazepam.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 14 , 479–484.Gantner, A. B., & Taylor, S. P. (1992). Human physical aggression as a function of

alcohol and threat of harm. Aggressive Behavior, 18 , 29–36.Gantz, W., Wenner, L. A., Carrico, C., & Knorr, M. (1995). Assessing the football widow

hypothesis: A coorientation study of televised sports on long-standing relationships.Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 19 , 352–376.

References 243Glass, D. C. (1977). Behavior patterns, stress, and coronary disease. Hillsdale, NJ:

Erlbaum.Glass, D., & Singer, J. (1972).Urban stress. New York: Academic Press.Goldenson, R. M. (Ed.). (1984). Longman dictionary of psychology and psychiatry . New

York: Longman.Goldstein, A. P. (1996).Violence in America: Lessons on understanding the aggression

in our lives. Palo Alto, CA: Davies-Black Publishing.Goldstein, J. H. (Ed.). (1983).Sports violence. New York: Springer-Verlag.Goldstein, J. H. (1989). Violence in sports. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.),Sports, games, and

play (2nd ed., pp. 279–297). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Goldstein, J. H. (1998). Immortal Kombat: War toys and violent video games. In

J. H. Goldstein (Ed.),Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment (pp. 53–68). New York: Oxford University Press.

Goldstein, J. H., & Arms, R. L. (1971). Effects of observing athletic contests on hostility.Sociometry, 34 , 83–90.

Goldstein, J. H., Davis, R. W., & Herman, D. (1975). Escalation of aggression:Experimental studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31 , 162–170.

Goldstein, J. H., Davis, R. W., Kernis, M., & Cohn, E. S. (1981). Retarding the escalationof aggression.Social Behavior and Personality, 9 , 65–70.Goode, E. (2000). Moral panic: Changing concepts of the child molester in modern

America.Sociological Forum, 15 , 543–552.Greene, B. (1986, November). Bar wars: Guns and moving targets in a new kind of

combat zone. Esquire , pp. 61–62.Greenwell, J., & Dengerink, H. A. (1973). The role of perceived versus actual attack in

human physical aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26 , 66–71.Greer, D. L. (1983). Spectator booing and the home advantage: A study of social in u-

ence in the basketball arena.Social Psychology Quarterly, 46 , 252–261.Grimes, P. W., & Ray, M. A. (1995). Career winnings and gender in thoroughbred racing.

Sociology of Sport Journal, 12 , 96–104.Gross, D. E., Kelley, H. H., Kruglanski, A. W., & Patch, M. E. (1972). Contingency of

244 Referencesself-esteem reduces mortality salience effects. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 72 , 24–36.

Harris, M. B. (1974). Mediators between frustration and aggression in a eld experiment. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10 , 561–571.

Harrison, P. (1974). Soccer’s tribal wars. New Society, 29 , 602–604.Hartmann, D. P. (1969). In uence of symbolically modeled instrumental aggression and

pain cues on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,11, 280–288.

Hastings, D. E., Cameron, J., Parker, S. M., & Evans, J. (1974). A study of hockey injuriesin Ontario.Ontario Medical Review, November , 686–698.

Hayduk, L. A. (1978). Personal space: An evaluative and orienting overview.Psychological

Bulletin, 85 , 117–134.Hayduk, L. A. (1981). The permeability of personal space.Canadian Journal of Behavioural

Science, 13 , 274–287.Heavyweight heroes of Hastings (2005, November 9).The Province , p. A50.Helbing, D., Farkas, I., & Vicsek, T. (2000). Simulating dynamical features of escape

panic. Nature, 407 , 465–466.

Helmreich, R. L., & Spence, J. T. (1978). The work and family orientation questionnaire:An objective instrument to assess components of achievement motivation andattitudes toward family and career. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents inPsychology, 8 , 35 (Ms. No. 1677).

Hicks, D. J. (1968). Effects of co-observer’s sanctions and adult presence on imitativeaggression.Child Development, 39 , 303–309.

Higgins, E. T. (2000). Making a good decision: Value from t. American Psychologist,55, 1217–1230.

Hill, R. A., & Barton, R. A. (2005). Red enhances human performance in contests. Nature, 435 , 293.

Hoaken, P. N. S., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Drugs of abuse and the elicitation of humanaggressive behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 28 , 1533–1554.

House, P. (1992, December 10–13). Fanning ames of hatred.The European , p. 30.

References 245Johnson, N. R. (1987a). Panic and the breakdown of social order: Popular myth, social

theory, empirical evidence.Sociological Focus, 20 , 171–183.Johnson, N. R. (1987b). Panic at “The Who Concert Stampede”: An empirical assess-

ment. Social Problems, 34 , 362–373.Johnson, D. W., Maruyama, G., Johnson, R., Nelson, D., & Skon, L. (1981). Effects

of cooperative, competitive, and individualistic goal structures on achievement: Ameta-analysis.Psychological Bulletin, 89 , 47–62.

Jones, J. C. H., Ferguson, D. G., & Stewart, K. G. (1993). Blood sports and cherry pie:Some economics of violence in the National Hockey League. American Journal of

Economics and Sociology, 52 , 63–78.Jones, M. V., Bray, S. R., & Olivier, S. (2005). Game location and aggression in rugby

league. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23 , 387–393.Jones, M. V., Paull, G. C., & Erskine, J. (2002). The impact of a team’s aggressive

reputation on the decisions of association football referees. Journal of SportsSciences, 20 , 991–1000.

Josephson, W. L. (1987). Television violence and children’s aggression: Testing thepriming, social script, and disinhibition predictions. Journal of Personality and

Social Psychology, 53 , 882–890.Kaare, R. (1973, January 1). The murky time.Time, 101 , 57–58.Keating, J. (1982, May). The myth of panic.Fire Journal, 57–61.Keefer, R., Goldstein, J. H., & Kasiarz, D. (1983). Olympic games participation and

warfare. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.),Sports violence (pp. 183–193). New York:Springer-Verlag.

Kelley, H. H., Condry, J. C., Dahlke, A. E., & Hill, A. H. (1965). Collective behavior in asimulated panic situation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1 , 20–54.

Kenrick, D. T., & MacFarlane, S. W. (1986). Ambient temperature and horn honking:A eld study of the heat/aggression relationship. Environment and Behavior,18, 179–191.

Kenrick, D. T., & Sheets, V. (1993). Homicidal fantasies. Ecology and Sociobiology,14, 231–246.

246 ReferencesKlein, A. L. (1976). Changes in leadership appraisal as a function of the stress of a

simulated panic situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,34 , 1143–1154.

Klinesmith, J., Kasser, T., & McAndrew, F. T. (2006). Guns, testosterone, and aggression: Anexperimental test of a mediational hypothesis.Psychological Science, 17 , 568–571.

Klötz, F., Garle, M., Granath,F., & Thiblin, I. (2006). Criminality among individu-als testing positive for the presence of anabolic androgenic steroids. Archives ofGeneral Psychiatry, 63 , 1274–1279.

Koss, M. P., & Gaines, J. A. (1993). The prediction of sexual aggression by alcohol use,athletic participation, and fraternity af liation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,8, 94–108.

Krahé, B., & Fenske, L. (2002). Predicting aggressive driving behavior: The role ofmacho personality, age, and power of car. Aggressive Behavior, 28 , 21–29.

Kruglanski, A. W. (1969). Incentives in interdependent escape as affecting the degree ofgroup incoordination. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 5 , 454–466.

Kuhlmann, W. (1975). Violence in professional sports.Wisconsin Law Review,3, 771–790.

Lagerspetz, K. M. J. (1979). Modi cation of aggression in mice. In S. Feshbach &A. Fraczek (Eds.), Aggression and behavior change (pp. 66–82). New York: Praeger.Laird, D. A. (1923). Changes in motor control under the in uence of razzing. Journal of

Experimental Psychology, 6 , 236–246.Lamarre, B. W., & Nosanchuk, T. A. (1999). Judo-the gentle way: A replication of studies

on martial arts and aggression.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88 , 992–996.Lang, K., & Lang, K. E. (1961).Collective dynamics. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.Lange, A. R., Goeckner, D. J., Adesso, V. J., & Marlatt, G. A. (1975). Effects of alcohol on

aggression in male social drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 84 , 508–518.La Pierre, R. T. (1938).Collective behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.Latané, B., & Darley, J. M. (1968). Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emer-

gencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10 , 215–221.Lefkowitz, M. M., Walder, L. O., Eron, L. D., & Huesmann, L. R. (1973). Preference for

References 247Lieberman, J. D., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., & McGregor, H. A. (1999). A hot new way

to measure aggression: Hot sauce allocation. Aggressive Behavior, 25 , 331–348.Linesman head-butted. (1993, July 16–22).The European , p. 31.Lockwood, P., Jordan, C. H., & Kunda, Z. (2002). Motivation by positive or negative

role models: Regulatory focus determines who will best inspire us. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 83 , 854–864.

Loew, C. A. (1967). Acquisition of a hostile attitude and its relationship to aggressivebehavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 5 , 335–341.

Lorenz K. (1966).On aggression. London: Methuen.Loy, J. W., Jr., McPherson, B. D., & Kenyon, G. (1978).Sport and social systems .

Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Maccoby, E. E., & Jacklin, C. N. (1974).The psychology of sex differences. Stanford,CA: Stanford University Press.

MacDonald, J. M. (1961).The murderer and his victim. Spring eld, IL: C.C. Thomas.Mann, L. (1974). On being a sore loser: How fans react to their team’s failure. Australian

Journal of Psychology, 26 , 37–47.Mann, L. (1977).Field studies of spectator hostility at sports events. Unpublished manu-

script. Flinders University, Australia.Mann, L. (1979). Sports crowds viewed from the perspective of collective behavior. InJ. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play (pp. 337–368). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.

Mann, L. (1989). Sports crowds and the collective behavior perspective. In J. H. Goldstein(Ed.), Sports, games, and play (2nd ed., pp. 299–331). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Mann, L., Newton, J. W., & Innes, J. M. (1982). A test between deindividuation andemergent norm theories of crowd aggression. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 42 , 260–272.

Mann, L., & Pearce, P. (1978). Social psychology of the sports spectator. In D. J. Glencross(Ed.), Psychology and sport (pp. 173–201). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Manning, J. T. (2002a). Digit ratio: A pointer to fertility, behavior and health. NewBrunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

248 ReferencesMaxwell, J. P. (2004). Anger rumination: An antecedent of athlete aggression?Psychology

of Sport and Exercise, 5 , 279–289.Mazur, A., Booth, A., & Dabbs, J. M. (1992). Testosterone and chess competition.Social

Psychology Quarterly, 55 , 70–77.Mazur, A., & Lamb, T. A. (1980). Testosterone, status, and mood in human males.

Hormones and Behavior, 14 , 236–246.McClintock, T., Shields, T. J., Rtland, T. R., & Leslie, J. (1999–2000). Dishabituation

and stimulus equivalence could make all emergency re exits familiar. Journal of Applied Fire Science, 9 , 125–134.

McDougall W. (1908/1960). An introduction to social psychology. Edinburgh: Morrison &Gibb Ltd.

McGregor, H. A., Lieberman, J. D., Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., Arndt, J., & Simon, L.(1998). Terror management and aggression: Evidence that mortality salience moti-vates aggression against worldview-threatening others. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 74 , 590–605.

McGregor, P. K., & Peake, T. M. (2000). Communication networks: Social environmentsfor receiving and signalling behavior. Acta Ethology, 2 , 71–81.

McGuire, W. J. (1964). Inducing resistance to persuasion: Some contemporary approaches.In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1,pp. 191–229). New York: Academic Press.

McPhail, C. (1994). The dark side of purpose: Individual and collective violence in riots.Sociological Quarterly, 35 , 1–32.

Mehta, P. H., & Josephs, R. A. (2006). Testosterone change after losing predicts thedecision to compete again. Hormones and Behavior, 50 , 684–692.

Meier, N. C., Mennenga, G. H., & Stoltz, H. Z. (1941). An experimental approach to thestudy of mob behavior, Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 36 , 506–524.

Melnick, M. J., & Jackson, S. J. (1998). The villain as reference idol: Selection frequenciesand salient attributes among New Zealand teenagers. Adolescence, 33 , 543–554.

Milgram. S. (1964). Group pressure and action against a person. Journal of Abnormaland Social Psychology, 69 , 137–143.

250 ReferencesO’Neal, E. C., & McDonald, P. J. (1976). The environmental psychology of aggression.

In R. G. Geen & E. C. O’Neal (Eds.),Perspectives on aggression (pp. 169–192).New York: Academic Press.

Orne, M. T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment: Withparticular reference to demand characteristics and their implications. AmericanPsychologist, 17 , 776–783.

Orne, M. T., & Evans, F. J. (1965). Social control in the psychological experiment:Antisocial behavior and hypnosis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1, 189–200.

Österman, K., Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. J., Charpentier, S., Caprara, G. V., &Pastorelli, C. (1999). Locus of control and three types of aggression. Aggressive

Behavior, 25 , 61–65.Owens, L., Shute, R., & Slee, P. (2000). “Guess what I just heard!”: Indirect aggressionamong teenage girls in Australia. Aggressive Behavior, 26 , 67–83.

Page, R. A., & Moss, M. K. (1976). Environmental in uences on aggression: The effects ofdarkness and proximity of victim. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 6 , 126–133.

Paik, H., & Comstock, G. (1994). The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior:

A meta-analysis.Communication Research, 21 , 516–546.Palmer, C. T. (2006). “Shit happens”: The selling of risk in extreme sport.The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 13 , 323–336.

Park, R., & Burgess, E. (1924). Introduction to the science of sociology. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.

Pasman, W. J., van Baak, M. A., Jeukendrup, A. E., & de Haan, A. (1995). The effect ofdifferent dosages of caffeine on endurance performance time. International Journalof Sports Medicine, 16 , 225–230.

Paulhus, D., Molin, J., & Schuchts, R. (1979). Control pro les of football players, tennisplayers, and nonathletes. Journal of Social Psychology, 108 , 199–205.

Pennebaker, J. W., Burnam, M., Schaeffer, M. A., & Harper, D. C. (1977). Lack of control asa determinant of perceived symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 167–174.

References 251Price, W. H., & Whatmore, P. B. (1967). Behavior disorders and pattern of crime among

XYY males identi ed at a maximum security hospital. British Medical Journal,1, 533–536.

Profusek, P. J., & Rainey, D. W. (1987). Effects of Baker-Miller pink and red on state anx-iety, grip strength, and motor perception.Perceptual & Motor Skills, 65 , 941–942.

Proulx, G. (1993). A stress model about people facing a re. Journal of EnvironmentalPsychology, 13 , 137–147.

Proulx, G. (1996, July/August). Critical factors in high-rise evacuations.Fire Prevention,291, 24–27.

Proulx, G. (2002). Cool under re.Fire Protection Engineering, 16 , 23–25.Quarantelli, E. L. (1954). The nature and conditions of panic. American Journal of

Sociology, 60 , 267–275.Quarantelli, E. L. (2001). The sociology of panic. In N. J. Smelser and P. B. Baltes(Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (Vol. 1,pp. 11020–11030). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.

Quirk, K. (1997). Not now honey, I’m watching the game. New York: Fireside.Rabbie, J. M. (1989). Football violence in the Heizel Stadium: A management crisis.

(Review of Het Heizel drama: Rampzalig organiseren en kritieke beslissingen ).Current Psychology: Research and Reviews, 8 , 50–56.Rainey, D. W. (1994a). Assaults on umpires: A statewide survey. Journal of Sport

Behavior, 17 , 148–155.Rainey, D. W. (1994b). Magnitude of stress experienced by baseball and softball umpires.

Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79 , 255–258.Rainey, D. W. (1995). Sources of stress among baseball and softball umpires. Journal of

Applied Sport Psychology, 7 , 1–10.Rainey, D. W., & Duggan, P. (1998). Assaults on basketball referees: A statewide survey.

Journal of Sport Behavior, 21 , 113–120.Rally crowd’s stupidity threatens drivers’ lives (1994, January 28).The European , p. 14.Ray, M. A., & Grimes, P. W. (1993). Jockeying for position: Winnings and gender

discrimination on the thoroughbred track.Social Science Quarterly, 74 , 46–61.

252 ReferencesRosenfeld, M. J. (1997). Celebrating, politics, selective looting and riots: A microlevel

study of the Bulls riot of 1992 in Chicago.Social Problems, 44 , 483–502.Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1975).The volunteer subject. New York: Wiley.Rosnow, R. L., & Rosenthal, R. (1996). Beginning behavioral research (2nd ed.).

Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Ross, L., Greene, D., & House, P. (1977). The “false consensus effect”: An egocentric

bias in social perception and attribution processes. Journal of Experimental SocialPsychology, 13 , 279–301.

Rotmil, A. (1992, December 10–13). “I have been humiliated.”The European , p. 30.Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of

reinforcement.Psychological Monographs, 80 (Whole No. 609).

Rotter, J. B. (1973). Internal-external locus of control scale. In J. P. Robinson &R. P. Shaver (Eds.), Measures of social psychological attitudes. Ann Arbor: Institutefor Social Research.

Rotton, J., & Frey, J. (1985). Air pollution, weather, and violent crimes: Concomitanttime-series analysis of archival data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,49, 1207–1220.

R J F J B T Milli M & Fi i k M (1979) Th i ll i

Rotton, J., Frey, J., Barry, T., Milligan, M., & Fitzpatrick, M. (1979). The air pollution expe-rience and physical aggression. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 9 , 397–412.Rotton, J., & Kelly, I. W. (1985). Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of

lunar-lunacy research.Psychological Bulletin, 97 , 286–306.Roversi, A. (1991). Football violence in Italy. International Review for Sociology of

Sport, 26 , 311–331.Rowe, C., Harris, J. M., & Roberts, S. C. (2005). Seeing red? Putting sportswear in

context. Nature, 437 , E10.Rushton, J. P., Fulker, D. W., Neale, M. C., Nias, D. K. B., & Eysenck, H. J. (1986).

Altruism and aggression: The heritability of individual differences. Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, 50 , 1192–1198.

Russell, G. W. (1972). The perception and classi cation of collective behavior. Journalof Social Psychology, 87 , 219–227.

References253

Russell, G. W. (1992b). Response of the macho male to viewing a combatant sport. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7 , 631–638.

Russell, G. W. (1993).The social psychology of sport. New York: Springer-Verlag.Russell, G. W. (1995). Personalities in the crowd: Those who would escalate a sports riot.

Aggressive Behavior, 21 , 91–100.Russell, G. W. (2001).Sport science secrets: From myth to facts. Victoria, BC: Trafford.Russell, G. W. (2004). Sport riots: A social-psychological review. Aggression and Violent

Behavior, 9 , 353–378.Russell, G. W., & Arms, R. L. (1995). False consensus effect, physical aggression, anger,

and a willingness to escalate a disturbance. Aggressive Behavior, 21 , 381–386.Russell, G. W., & Arms, R. L. (1998). Toward a social psychological pro le of would-be

rioters. Aggressive Behavior, 24 , 219–226.Russell, G. W., & Arms, R. L. (2001). Calming troubled waters: Peacemakers in a sportsriot. Aggressive Behavior, 27 , 292–296.

Russell, G. W., & Arms. R. L. (2002). The sport widow hypothesis: A research note. North American Journal of Psychology, 4 , 249–252.

Russell, G. W., Arms, R. L., Dwyer, R. S., & Josuttes, D. (2006).Females as targets of

l gg i i th B gl d P d P dig U bli h d i t

male aggression in the Bungled Procedure Paradigm. Unpublished manuscript.Russell, G. W., Arms, R. L., & Bibby, R. W. (1995). Canadians’ belief in catharsis.Social Behavior and Personality, 23 , 223–228.

Russell, G. W., Arms, R. L., Loof, S. D., & Dwyer, R. S. (1996). Men’s aggressiontoward women in a bungled procedure paradigm. Journal of Social Behavior andPersonality, 11 , 729–738.

Russell, G. W., Arms, R. L., & Mustonen, A. (1999). When cooler heads prevail:Peacemakers in a sports riot.Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 40 , 153–155.

Russell, G. W., & Baenninger, R. (1996). Murder most foul: Predictors of an af rmativeresponse to an outrageous question, Aggressive Behavior, 22 , 175–181.

Russell, G. W., & de Graaf, J. P. (1985). Lunar cycles and human aggression: A replication.Social Behavior and Personality, 13 , 143–146.

Russell, G. W., Di Lullo, S. L., & Di Lullo, D. (1988–1989). Effects of viewing competi-

254 References

Russell, G. W., Wann. D. L., & Russell, G. (2007). [Peacemakers and law and order].Unpublished raw data.

Sachs, C. J., & Chu, L. D. (2000). The association between professional football gamesand domestic violence in Los Angeles county. Journal of Interpersonal Violence,15, 1192–1201.

Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996).Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social statuswithin the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22 , 1–15.

Salvador, A., Simón, V., Suay, F., & Llorens, L. (1987). Testosterone and cortisol responsesto competitive ghting in human males: A pilot study. Aggressive Behavior,13, 9–13.

Sandiford, K. A. P. (1982). English cricket crowds during the Victorian age. Journal ofSport History, 9 , 5–22.

Sauvey, P. (2006, March 9). Tennis dad gets eight years in drug death.Seattle Post- Intelligencer.

Savage, J. (2004). Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence?: A meth-odological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10 , 99–128.

Scaramella, T. J., & Brown, W. A. (1978). Serum testosterone and aggressiveness inh k 262 265

hockey. Psychosomatic Medicine, 40 , 262–265.Schauss, A. G. (1979). Tranquilizing effect of color reduces aggressive behavior and

potential violence. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychology, 8 , 218–221.Schechter, M. D., & Rand, M. J. (1974). Effect of acute deprivation of smoking on

aggression and hostility.Psychopharmacology, 35 , 19–28.Schultz, D. P. (1964a).Panic behavior. New York: Random House.Schultz, D. P. (1964b). Panic in organized collectives. Journal of Social Psychology,

63, 353–359.Schultz, D. P. (1965). Theories of panic behavior: A review. Journal of Social Psychology,

66 , 31–40.Segrave, J. O. (1997). A matter of life and death: Some thoughts on the language of

sport. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 21 , 211–220.

References 255

Slater, M., Antley. A, Davison, A., Swapp, D., Guger, C., & Barker, C., et al. (2006). Avirtual reprise of the Stanley Milgram obedience experiments.PLoS ONE, 1 , 1–16.

Smeaton, G., & Byrne, D. (1987). The effects of R-rated violence and erotica, individualdifferences, and victim characteristics on acquaintance rape proclivity. Journal of

Research in Personality, 21 , 171–184.Smelser, N. (1963).Theory of collective behavior. New York: Free Press.Smith, M. D. (1975). Sport and collective violence. In D. W. Ball & J. W. Loy (Eds.),

Sport and social order: Contributions to the sociology of sport (pp. 277–330).Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Smith, M. D. (1978). From professional to youth hockey violence: The role of the massmedia. In M. A. B. Gammon (Ed.),Violence in Canada (pp. 269–281). Toronto:

Metheun.Smith, M. D. (1983).Violence and sport. Toronto: Butterworths.Smith, R. E. (1993).Psychology. New York: West Publishing.Smith, R. J. (1978).The psychopath in society. New York: Academic Press.Smith, S. L., Nathanson, A. I., & Wilson, B. J. (2002). Prime-time television: Assessing

violence during the most popular viewing hours. Journal of Communication,52 , 84–111.

S ith G J P tt B Willi T & H J (1981) A l f th d l

Smith, G. J., Patterson, B., Williams, T., & Hogg, J. (1981). A pro le of the deeplycommitted male sports fan. Arena Review, 5 , 26–44.

Spence, J. T., Pred, R. S., & Helmreich, R. L. (1989). Achievement strivings, scholasticaptitude, and academic performance: A follow-up to “Impatience versus achievementstrivings in the Type A pattern”. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 , 176–178.

Stallings, W. M., & Gillmore, G. M. (1972). Estimating the interjudge reliability of theAli-Frazier ght. Journal of Applied Psychology, 56 , 435–436.

Steele, C. M., & Southwick, L. (1985). Alcohol and social behavior I: The psychology ofdrunken excess. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48 , 18–34.

Stone, K. (1992, December 10–13). Germany ghts back at racists.The European , p. 30.Stott, C., & Adang, O. M. J. (2004). Disorderly conduct? Social psychology and the

control of football ‘hooliganism’ at Euro 2004.The Psychologist, 17 , 318–319.

256 References

Tavris, C. (1988). Beyond cartoon killings: Comments on two overlooked effects oftelevision. In S. Oskamp (Ed.),Television as a social issue (pp. 189–197). NewburyPark, CA: Sage.

Taylor, I. (1987). Putting the boot into a working-class sport: British soccer after Bradfordand Brussels.Sociology of Sport Journal, 4 , 171–191.

Taylor, S. P. (1967). Aggressive behavior and physiological arousal as a function of provo-cation and the tendency to inhibit aggression. Journal of Personality, 35 , 297–310.

Taylor, S. P., & Epstein, S. (1967). Aggression as a function of the interaction of the sexof the aggressor and the sex of the victim. Journal of Personality, 35 , 474–486.

Taylor, S. P., & Gammon, C. B. (1975). Effects of type and dose of alcohol on humanphysical aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32 , 169–175.

Taylor, S. P., Gammon, C. B., & Capasso, D. R. (1976). Aggression as a function of theinteraction of alcohol and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,34 , 938–941.

Taylor, S. P., & Leonard, K. E. (1983). Alcohol and human physical aggression. InR. G. Geen & E. I. Donnerstein (Eds.), Aggression: Theoretical and empiricalreviews (Vol. 2, pp. 77–101). New York: Academic Press.

Taylor, S. P., Vardaris, R. M., Rawtich, A. B., Gammon, C. B., Cranston, J. W., & Lubetkin,A I (1976) The effects of alcohol and delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol on human

A. I. (1976). The effects of alcohol and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on humanphysical aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 2 , 153–161.

Tedeschi, J. T., & Quigley, B. M. (1996). Limitations of laboratory paradigms for studyingaggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1 , 163–177.

Tesler, B. S., & Alker, H. A. (1983). Football games: Victory, defeat, and spectators’power preferences. Journal of Research in Personality, 17 , 72–80.

‘t Hart, P., & Pijnenburg, B. (1988). Het Heizel drama: Rampzalig organiseren en kritiekebeslissingen. Brussels, Belgium: H. D. Samson.

Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. H. (1959).The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley.Thiblin, I., & Petersson, A. (2004). Pharmacoepidemiology of anabolic androgenic steroids:

A review.Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology, 19 , 27–44.Timmerman, T. A. (2002). Violence and race in professional baseball: Getting better or

References 257

Vanstone, R. (1996, March 28). Maxwell in hot water. Leader Post News.Vescio, J. A., Crosswhite, J. J., & Wilde, K. (2004).The impact of gendered heroism on

adolescent girls and their sport role models. Paper presented at the Pre-OlympicCongress, International Congress on Sport Science, Sport Medicine and PhysicalEducation, Thessaloniki, Greece, August, 2004.

Walshe-Brennan, K. (1975, November). Football hooliganism. Nursing Mirror.Wann, D. L. (1994). The “noble” sports fan: The relationships between team identi cat-

ion, self-esteem, and aggression.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 78 , 864–866.Wann, D. L. (1997).Sport psychology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Wann, D. L. (1998). A preliminary investigation of the relationship between alcohol use

and sport fandom.Social Behavior and Personality, 26 , 287–290.

Wann, D. L. (2006). The causes and consequences of sport team identi cation. InA. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sports and media (pp. 331–352).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1990). Person perception when aggressive or nonag-gressive sports are primed. Aggressive Behavior, 16 , 27–32.

Wann, D. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (1993). Sport fans: Measuring degree of identi cationwith the team. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 24 , 1–17.

Wann D L Carlson J D Holland L C Jacob B E Owens D A & Wells D D

Wann, D. L., Carlson, J. D., Holland, L. C., Jacob, B. E., Owens, D. A., & Wells, D. D.(1999). Beliefs in symbolic catharsis: The importance of involvement with aggressivesports. Social Behavior and Personality, 27 , 155–164.

Wann, D. L., Carlson, J. D., & Schrader, M. P. (1999). The impact of team identi cationon the hostile and instrumental verbal aggression of sport spectators. Journal ofSocial Behavior and Personality, 14 , 279–286.

Wann, D. L., Culver, Z., Akanda, R., Daglar, M., De Divitiis, C., & Smith, A. (2005).The effects of team identi cation and game outcome on willingness to consideranonymous acts of hostile aggression. Journal of Sport Behavior, 28 , 282–294.

Wann, D. L., Dolan, T. J., McGeorge, K. K., & Allison, J. A. (1994). Relationshipsbetween spectator identi cation and spectators’ perceptions of in uence, spectators’emotions, and competition outcome.Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology,

258 References

Wann, D. L., & Waddill, P. J. (2007). Examining reactions to the Dale Earnhardt crash:The importance of identi cation with NASCAR drivers. Journal of Sport Behavior,30 , 94–109.

Ward, R. E., Jr. (2002). Fan violence: Social problem or moral panic? Aggression andViolent Behavior, 7 , 453–475.

Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., Sechrest, L., & Grove, J. B. (1981). Nonreactivemeasures in the social sciences (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mif in.

Wechsberg, J. (1972, March 18). A reporter at large: Morketiden.The New Yorker,48 , 103–126.

Weidner, G., & Matthews, K. A. (1978). Reported physical symptoms elicited byunpredictable events and the Type A coronary-prone behavior pattern. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 36 , 1213–1220.Weisman, A. M., Berman, M. E., & Taylor, S. P. (1998). Effects of chlorazepate, diazepam,and oxazepam on a laboratory measurement of aggression in men. InternationalClinical Psychopharmacology, 13 , 183–188.

West, D. J., & Farrington, D. P. (1977).The delinquent way of life. London: Heinemann.Wheeler, L., & Caggiula, A. R. (1966). The contagion of aggression. Journal of Experimental

Social Psychology, 2 , 1–10.White G F (1989) Media and violence: The case of professional football championship

White, G. F. (1989). Media and violence: The case of professional football championshipgames. Aggressive Behavior, 15 , 423–433.

White, G. F., Katz, J., & Scarborough, K. E. (1992). The impact of professional footballgames upon violent assaults on women.Violence and Victims, 7 , 157–171.

Williams, T. M. (Ed.). (1986).The impact of television: A natural experiment in threecommunities. Orlando FL: Academic Press.

Williams, J., Dunning, E., & Murphy, P. (1984). Hooligans abroad. London: Routledgeand Kegan Paul.

Williams, J., Dunning, E., & Murphy, P. (1986). The rise of the soccer hooligan.Youth& Society, 17, 362–380.

Wilson, L., & Rogers, R. W. (1975). The re this time: Effects of race of target insult,and potential retaliation on black aggression. Journal of Personality and Social

References 259

Young, K. (1946). Handbook of social psychology. London: Kegan Paul, Trench,Trubner & Co.

Young, K. (1986). “The killing eld”: Themes in mass media responses to the HeyselStadium riot. International Review for Sociology of Sport, 21 , 253–265.

Young, K. (1988). Performance, control, and public image in a deviant subculture: Thecase of rugby. Deviant Behavior, 9 , 275–293.

Zani, B., & Kirchler, E. (1991). When violence overshadows the spirit of sportingcompetition: Italian football fans and their clubs. Journal of Community & AppliedSocial Psychology, 1 , 5–21.

Zillmann, D. (1984).Connections between sex and aggression. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Zillmann, D. (l979). Hostility and aggression . Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus dein-dividuation, impulse, and chaos. In W. J. Arnold & D. Levine (Eds.), Nebraskasymposium on motivation (Vol. 17). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

Author Index

Note: Some author names may not appear on a particular page as they are includedin an et al. citation.

Adang, O. M. J., 137, 168, 169

Adcock, M. L., 122Adesso, V. J., 87Ageton, S. S., 213Akanda, R., 56Alioto, J. T., 110, 111Alker, H. A., 112Allen, V. L., 178

Bakkestrom. E., 65

Bandura, A., 9, 124, 222Barash, D., 218Barker, C., 17Barnett, S. A., 101Barney, R. K., 15Baron, R. A., vii, 26, 45, 52, 76, 77, 79, 84, 85,

128, 129, 153, 162, 164, 169

262 Author Index

Bernhardt, P. C., 66Bernthal, M. J., 119, 120Berscheid, E., 104Bettencourt, B. A., 45, 59, 152Bevan, S., 108Bibby, R. W., 123, 225Binney, V., 135Björkqvist, K., 47, 61, 62, 156Black, S. L., 108Blass, T., 153Boeringer, S. B., 25Bohstedt, J., 135

Bonacci, A. M., 60Booker, A., 98Booth, A., 66, 67Borden, R. J., 18, 19, 62, 209Bowdle, B. E., 7, 30, 67Boyanowsky, E. O., 98, 125Brainerd, J., 28

Branscombe, N. R., 51, 52, 163Brauchi, J. T., 90

Carlson, J. D., 55, 56, 225Carlson, M., 98Carnagey, N. L., 32Carnibella, G., 137Caron, S. L., 25Carpenter, J. A., 86Carrico, C., 104Carver, C. S., 45, 46, 121Cavanaugh, B. S., 86Chakotin, S., 197Chambers, W., 121Champion, H., 119

Champoux, R., 92Charpentier, S., 47Cherek, D. R., 90, 91, 209Choi, C., 122Christiansen, K. O., 65Christie R., 47Christy, C. A., 156

Chu, L. D., 113Cleckley, H., 50

, ,Bray, S. R., 101Bredemeier, B. J., 12Brennan, C., 55, 151Brissett, M., 47Brown, D., 106

Brown, R., 173Brown, T. J., 25Brown, W. A., 65Bryan, C., 138, 189, 190Bryant, J., 106Buchanan, R. W., 74Burgess, E., 172

y, ,Coalter, F., 62, 136, 166, 167Coates, J. F., 164Cohen, D., 7, 30, 67Cohen, S., 134Cohn, E. S., 20

Colaers, C., 83, 137Coleman, A. E., 46Collins, G. S., 99Comber, M., 101, 187Comisky, P., 106Comstock, G., 109, 112Condry, J. C., 176, 177, 178, 179

Author Index 263

Darley, J. M., 173, 174, 185, 191Darrah, E. M., 10Darrow, C., 135Darwin, C., 226Davis, E. B., 96Davis, H., 212Davis, J., 116, 117, 118Davis, R. W., 20Davison, A., 17Dechesne, M., 53De Divitiis, C., 56De Freitas, B., 89DeGregorio, E., 46de Haan, A., 202DeNeve, K. M., 76Dengerink, H. A., 38, 163Deutsch, M., 94, 96Dewar, C. K., 83DeFour, D., 107

de Graaf, J. P., 82, 216de Kock, H., 141, 142

Elliott, D., 185Elliott, D. S., 213Ellsworth, P. C., 33, 34Endean, C., 27Ennis, R., 9Epstein, S., 23Eron, L. D., 110Erskine, J., 21Eslea, M., 210, 212Eubanks, J., 32Evans, F. J., 205Evans, J., 99Evans, R. I., 226Everett, A., 42Eysenck, H. J., 37, 50, 64

Farbstein, M., 232Farkas, I., 185, 193, 194Farrell, B., 87

Farrington, D. P., 213Fein, S., 7, 77, 216

Diab, L. N., 94, 95Diener, E., 107, 125, 147Di Lullo, D., 31, 116Di Lullo, S. L., 31, 116Ditrichs, R., 29

Doerr, C. E., 165Dolan, T. J., 55Dollard, J., 219, 221, 225Donnerstein, E., 29, 79Donnerstein, M., 29Doob, A., 125Doob, L., 219, 221, 225

Feltz, D. L., 12Fenigstein, A., 108, 125, 126Fenske, L., 44Ferguson, D. G., 107, 108Fernández, J., 195

Ferris, C. F., 65, 68Festinger, L., 147Fielden, J. A., 66Fischer, P., 24, 210Fisher, J. D., 76Fitzpatrick, M., 84Folger, R., 95

264 Author Index

Geen, R. G., 3, 78, 79, 109, 112, 115, 208, 223Geis, F., 47Gelles, R. J., 62Gentile, D. A., 118Giancola, P. R., 228Gillis, R., 46Gillmore, G. M., 40Gilmour, R., 175Gilovich, T., 80, 81Girard, D., 127Giulianotti, R., 157, 161Gladue, B., 45Glass, D., 45, 46, 77Goeckner, D. J., 87Goldenson, R. M., 172Goldstein, A. P., 165, 166Goldstein, J. H., vii, 6, 20, 51, 62, 123,

132, 143, 151, 164Goode, E., 134

Goodenough, D. R., 65Granath, F., 93

Hayduk, L. A., 75Haynes, G., 56, 213Helbing, D., 185, 193, 194Helfrich, H. M., 47Helmreich, R. L., 45, 94Henson, A., 34Herman, D., 20Hersch, H., 89Heslin, R., 74Hicks, D. J., 223Higgins, E. T., 10Hill, A. H., 176Hill, R. A., 79, 80Hoaken, P. N. S., 88, 163Hogg, J., 104Holland, L. C., 55, 56, 225Horn, V. E., 130Horton, R., 138House, P., 27, 58, 157

Houston, B. K., 45Howe, N., 122

Granger, D. A., 67Green, T. E., 76Green, T. M., 70Greenberg, J., 53, 209, 210Greene, B., 210

Greene, D., 58, 157Greenwell, J., 163Greer, D. L., 55Greitemeyer, T., 24, 210Grif ths, C. T., 98Grimes, P. W., 61Gross, D. E., 177, 178

Huarte-Mendicoa, E., 224Huddle, M. J., 130, 167Huesmann, L. R., 110Hunter, J. L., 52, 156Hurd, P. L., 71

Husman, B. F., 212Hutchinson, P., 139, 167

Innes, J. M., 84, 147Ito, T. A., 88Izutsu, T., 24

Author Index 265

Karnilowicz, W., 114Kasiarz, D., 6Kasser, T., 65, 98, 210Katz, J., 112Katz, M. D., 88, 92Kaukiainen, A., 156Keating, J., 151, 172Keefer, R., 6Kelley, H. H., 94, 176, 177, 178, 179Kelly, I. W., 82Kelly, T. H., 91Kenrick, D. T., 54, 76Kenyon, G., ixKernis, M., 20Kerr, J. H., vii, 31, 140, 141, 142, 150, 154Killian, L. M., 147, 161, 185King, A., 31Kingsmore, J. M., 212Kinzel, A. F., 75Kirchler, E., 52, 63, 149, 150, 153, 155Kittock, R., 66

Levy, A. S., 74Lewis, G., 8, 42Lewis, J. M., 135, 137, 138, 187Lieberman, J. D., 209, 210Livingstone, M., 168Llorens, L., 65Lockwood, P., 9Loew, C. A., 229Loof, S. D., 108, 210Lorenz, K., 95, 219, 226Lowinger, P., 135Loy, J., ixLubetkin, A. I., 90, 163Lutter, C. D., 66

Macauley, J., 23Maccoby, E. E., 61Macdonald, G., 125MacDonald, J. M., 86MacFarlane, S. W., 76MacNeil, M. L. C., 57, 58

Klein, A. L., 178, 179, 180Klinesmith, J., 65, 98, 210Klötz, F., 93Knorr, M., 104Konecni, V. J., 229

Koss, M. P., 25Kouri, E. M., 92Krahé, B., 44Krahenbuhl, G. S., 47Kruglanski, A. W., 176, 177, 178Kunda, Z., 9Kunkler, J., 135

Mann, L., 75, 84, 137, 142, 147, 153, 154, 166,180, 181, 196

Manning, J. T., 70, 71Marcus-Newhall, A., 98Marlatt, G. A., 87

Marlowe, D., 214Marsh, J., 137Marsh, P., 32, 33, 137, 145Marshall, J. E., 74Martens, R., 37Maruyama, G., 94Marx, G. T., 135

266 Author Index

Meier, N. C., 156Melnick, M. J., viii, 13, 18, 57, 104, 161Mennenga, G. H., 156Metcalf, L. A., 122Milgram, S., 16, 17, 18, 159, 180, 223Miller, N., 60, 88, 98, 219, 220,

221, 225Miller, S., 151Milligan, M., 84Millon, T., 50, 51Mills, B. D., 81Mintz, A., 172, 174, 175, 178, 179, 183, 185Mischel, W., 37Molin, J., 48Moore, M., 30Moore, S., 101Moorhouse, H. F., 134, 144Morrow, M., 96Mosher, D. L., 43, 44Moss, M. K., 84Mowrer, O. H., 219, 221, 225M K E 100 101

Olivier, S., 101Olweus, D., 37Omoto, A. M., 104O’Neal, E. C., 30, 78Ong, J., 30Orne, M. T., 205Österman, K., 47, 61, 156Owens, D. A., 55, 56, 225Owens, L., 62

Page, R. A., 84Paik, H., 109, 112Palmer, C. T., 132Pandey, S., 112Park, R., 172Parker, S. M., 99Pasman, W. J., 202Pastorelli, C., 47Patch, M. E., 177, 178Patterson, B., 104Paulhus, D., 48P ll G C 21

Moyer, K. E., 100, 101Muecher, H., 84Mullen, B., 153Mungo, D. A., 12Murphy, P., 31, 86, 150, 167Murray, H. A., 212Murray, S., 92Mustonen, A., 147, 153, 156, 157, 158, 161Myers, D. G., 26Myerscough, R., 90, 91

Narancic, V. G., 229

Paull, G. C., 21Peake, T. M., 69Pearce, P., 137, 153Pease, D. G., 18, 57, 104, 161Pederson, W. C., 60Pennebaker, J. W., 78Pepitone, A., 147Perrow, C., 145Perry, M., 38, 40, 41, 51, 71, 96, 210,

211, 213Perry, P., 92Peterson, R. R., 51

Author Index 267

Rabbie, J. M., 146Rainey, D. W., 21, 22, 23, 82Ramos, O., 194, 195Rand, M. J., 90Rawtich, A. B., 90, 163Ray, M. A., 61Redmond, G., 8Reicher, S., 157, 161Reifman, A., 55Reifman, A. S., 7, 77, 216Renfrew, J. W., 64Report of the National Advisory Commission on

Civil Disorders 160, 161Requa, R. K., 99Rhodewalt, F., 46Richardson, D. R., 24, 52, 77, 79, 153, 162, 169Ritter, D., 210, 212Roberts, S. C., 80Robinson, D. E., 91Robinson, J. P., 207, 214Rogers, R. W., 8, 28R l ff M E 104

Savage, J., 131Scaramella, T. J., 65Scarborough, K. E., 112Schaeffer, M. A., 78Schauss, A. G., 82, 184Schechter, M. D., 90Schimel, J., 53Schrader, M. P., 56Schreiber, M., 168Schuchts, R., 48Schulsinger, F. O., 65Schultz, D. P., 172, 173, 184Schwartz, G., 89Schwartz, R. D., 216Schwarz, N., 7, 30, 67Sears, R. R., 219, 221, 225–226Sechrest, L., 216Segrave, J. O., 122Semyonov, M., 232Sesma, A., 118Sestir, M. A., 96Sh P R 207 214

Roloff, M. E., 104Rosenfeld, M. J., 144Rosenman, R. H., 45Rosenthal, R., 58, 206, 215, 216, 230Rosnow, R. L., 58, 206, 215, 216, 230Ross, D., 222Ross, L., 58, 157, 158Ross, S. A., 222Rosser, E., 32, 33, 145Rotmil, A., 28Rotter, J. B., 46Rotton, J., 76, 82, 84

Shaver, P. R., 207, 214Sheets, V., 54Shelley, G., 66Shelton, S., 51Shepherd, J. P., 101Sherif, C. W., 94, 95Sherif, M., 94, 95Shields, D. L., 12Shields, T. J., 186Shirreffs, J. H., 47Shirtcliff, E. A., 67Shute, R., 62

268 Author Index

Smith, M. D., vii, 12, 137, 139Smith, R. E., 37Smith, R. J., 48, 49Smith, S. L., 117Smith, T., 51Snyder, C. R., 45Snyder, M., 104Solomon, D. H., 104Solomon, S., 53, 209, 210Southwick, L., 88Spence, J. T., 45, 94Stack, A. D., 277Stacy, C., 25Stallings, W. M., 40Stanley, J. C., 206Steele, C. M., 88Steffen, V. J., 61Steinberg, J. L., 90, 91Steinmetz, S. K., 62Stewart, K. G., 107, 108Stewart, S. H., 88, 163Stoltz H Z 156

Trivizas, E., 62, 63, 149, 150, 216Trulson, M. E., 57, 58Turner, R. H., 147, 161, 185Twemlow, S. W., 58

Ungeheuer, H., 84Urbina, S., 41, 207Uzzell, D. L., 101, 187, 190, 191

Valentine, J., 45, 59, 152Vamplew, W., 156van Baak, M. A., 202van der Kraan, M., 27Van Limbergen, K., 83, 137, 140, 149Vanstone, R., 23Vardaris, R. M., 90, 163Vasquez, E. A., 60Veneman, J. M., 135, 187Vescio, J. A., 10Vicsek, T., 185, 193–194Voigt, H., 156

Stoltz, H. Z., 156Stone, K., 28Stott, C., 137, 139, 157, 161, 168, 169Straus, M. A., 61–62Strauss, A., 183, 194Strube, M. J., 46Suay, F., 65Sullivan, D. B., 106Sumner, K. E., 25Swapp, D., 17

Talley, A., 45, 59, 152

Waddill, P. J., 43Walder, L. O., 110Walgrave, L., 83, 137, 140, 149Walker, R., 51Walshe-Brennan, K., 151Walster, E., 125Wann, D. L., viii, 18, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56,

57, 88, 104, 122, 156, 158, 161,163, 213, 225

Ward, R. E., Jr 134, 137, 139, 164Webb, E. J., 216

Author Index 269

Wolfers, J., 26Wolfson, M., 119Woody, L. W., 107Worchel, S., 95Wright, J. C., 135Wright, L. A., 52, 156Wrightsman, L. S., 207, 214Wyner, D. R., 67, 68

Yaeger, D., 14Yarmey, A. D., 186

Yates, W. R., 92Yoos, C., 23Young, K., 184Young, Kevin., 86, 169

Zani, B., 52, 63, 149, 150, 153, 155Zanna, M. P., 9Zeichner, A., 228Zillmann, D., 4, 106, 128, 129, 215Zimbardo, P. G., 147Zyzanski, S. J., 45

This page intentionally left blank

Subject Index

aggression:de nitions of, 3–5hostile versus instrumental, 4–5incompatible responses, 164learning of, 8–9measurement of, 38–44origins, 63–64sex differences, 60–63

aggression questionnaire, 40–41, 213–214reliability of, 41validity of, 41

compared to cooperation, 93–96and hostility, 94–95summer camp studies, 94–95superordinate goals, 95

correlation:a review, 230–232

criminality:homicide, 6–7, 131National Football League, 14

crowd violence:conditions favoring, 147

272 Subject Index

environmental factors:color, 79–82crowding, 74–75darkness, 83–84ions, 84–85lunar, 82–83noise, 77–79, 202–203temperature, 76–77

erotica:and aggression, 128–129for pro t, 129–130

escalation effects, 19–20ethics, 203expectancy effects, 21, 87–88, 120,

204–205, 215control of, 204–205

ghting sh:eavesdropping, 69st ghts, 68–70

nger length ratio:sex differences, 70–71

hot sauce paradigm, 209–220point subtraction paradigm, 209

media:broadcasters, 105–107effects of television violence, 108–112language of sports, 122–123long reach of violence, 112–114, 131selling of violence, 107–108, 126–128sport widow hypothesis, 104–105suicide, 114television effects of, 108–112

mitigating panics, 195–197anti-panic leadership, 196–197engineering/design, 196–197retractable gangways, 196seated versus standing, 196

mitigating riots:admission charges, 167banning spectators, 165–166design and engineering, 166Dutch model, 168–169

,and sports involvement, 70–71

generalizing, 69–70, 217geography of aggression:

location of ghts, 99–100

heroes (exemplars):categories of, 10–11efforts to emulate, 11–12historical trends, 10negative role models, 9–10

,increasing respect, 165and national ag, 165post-game events, 164seated versus standing, 166–167separation of rivals, 167training of of cials, 165

obedience, 15–18, 223virtual simulation, 17

Olympics:combative sports, 6–7

Subject Index 273

personality:de nitions, 36–37idiographic versus nomothetic, 36traits, 36–37

personality measurement, 38–41, 43,45–46, 48–50

reliability, 39–40validity, 38–39

personality theories:an aggressive personality, 50–51locus of control, 46–47Machiavellian personality, 47–48macho personality, 42–44psychopathic personality, 48–50Type A and Type B, 85

police:deployment, 168–169and impulsivity, 162style of public interactions, 168–169

priming, 98–99, 120–121, 144, 163professional wrestling, 116–120

and aggression, 124

riots:crowd composition, 147–148de nitions of, 134–135incidence of, 135–137and moral panic, 134risk assessment, 168severity of, 138–139

rumination, 59

self-reports:validity of, 213

situational in uences:geography, 99–100surveillance, 186–187territoriality, 100–101

targets of aggression:minorities as, 26–30sport of cials as, 20–23women as, 23–26

theories of aggression:aggressive cue theory, 223–222

ggchildren as consumers, 118–119effects on children, 118–120teen date ghting, 119

projective measures, 212–213provocations, 30–34

eye contact, staring, 33–34songs, chants, 31–33verbal, 30–31

punishment:effectiveness of, 169

gg yfrustration–aggression hypothesis,

219–221instinctual views, 218–219social learning theory, 8–9,

222–224theories of riots:

excitement needs, 139–142FORCE typology, 142–144role reversal theory, 140–141social systems analysis, 144–146

third party in uence:

Aggression in the Sports World

Documents

TEACHING PLAN COMPULSORY PUNJABI BA th: 4 …ggdsdkherigurna.ac.in/Download/TPLANBA4.pdf · Anxiety and Aggression-Meaning and remedial measure of anxiety and aggression in sports

The World of Sports

Axis Aggression Around the World 1931-1939

World of Sports & Lifestyle

See Aggression Do Aggression

Events Leading to World War II: Military Aggression & Appeasement

World of Sports Marketing

Sports in the world

Aggression Lecture 20. Lecture Overview Aggression Approaches to Aggression Television & Violence

010610 World Japan Aggression 100m

World War II The inevitable war Part I Axis Aggression

World Sports Apparel Market

022811 world japan aggression intro 50m

Aggression and its Influence on Sports Performance · Psychology & Sociology, Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University, Chennai, India. Aggression and its Influence on

Welcome to the World of Relational Aggression… “FEMALE BULLYING”

wars, domination and imperialist aggression Clinton’s ... · More of the same — wars, domination and imperialist aggression Clinton’s Policy for the “New World Order” By

Aggression… Mr. P. Leighton Sports Psychology Y13

UNIT 5, PART 3: WORLD WAR II, PART I AGGRESSION ... · PDF fileUNIT 5, PART 3: WORLD WAR II, PART I AGGRESSION, APPEASEMENT, AND WAR - Dictators Challenge World Peace Japan - wanted

Aggression Leads to War: The Onset of World War II in Europe

โบรชัวร์โปรโมชั่น Sports world expo 2011 ที่ sports world shop