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INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Advanced Course inPsycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
POSSIBLE AND IMPOSSIBLE LANGUAGES
Master on Linguistics(Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka)
2011/01/26
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Contents
1 INTRO:The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
2 Possible and Impossible GrammarsMoro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
3 Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Contents
1 INTRO:The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
2 Possible and Impossible GrammarsMoro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
3 Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Contents
1 INTRO:The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
2 Possible and Impossible GrammarsMoro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
3 Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
based on Moro, Andrea. 2008. The Boundaries of Babel. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
From Broca to Christopher
Phrenology: The study of the psychological characteristicsof an individual based on the external shape of thecranium.
Bouillard (Student of F.J. Gall) became convinced that theability to speak was located in a specific area of the brain,the frontal lobes.Aubertin (son of Bouillard) was in the AnthropologicalSociety meeting where Broca described the case ofMonsieur Leborgne.
Monsieur Leborgne (TAN, †1861): ”Loss of speech, chronicsoftening, partial destruction of the Left Frontal Lobe of thebrain” (Broca, 1861). The road to studying the biologicalbasis of language had already been taken.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
based on Moro, Andrea. 2008. The Boundaries of Babel. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
From Broca to Christopher
Phrenology: The study of the psychological characteristicsof an individual based on the external shape of thecranium.
Bouillard (Student of F.J. Gall) became convinced that theability to speak was located in a specific area of the brain,the frontal lobes.Aubertin (son of Bouillard) was in the AnthropologicalSociety meeting where Broca described the case ofMonsieur Leborgne.
Monsieur Leborgne (TAN, †1861): ”Loss of speech, chronicsoftening, partial destruction of the Left Frontal Lobe of thebrain” (Broca, 1861). The road to studying the biologicalbasis of language had already been taken.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
based on Moro, Andrea. 2008. The Boundaries of Babel. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
From Broca to Christopher
Phrenology: The study of the psychological characteristicsof an individual based on the external shape of thecranium.
Bouillard (Student of F.J. Gall) became convinced that theability to speak was located in a specific area of the brain,the frontal lobes.
Aubertin (son of Bouillard) was in the AnthropologicalSociety meeting where Broca described the case ofMonsieur Leborgne.
Monsieur Leborgne (TAN, †1861): ”Loss of speech, chronicsoftening, partial destruction of the Left Frontal Lobe of thebrain” (Broca, 1861). The road to studying the biologicalbasis of language had already been taken.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
based on Moro, Andrea. 2008. The Boundaries of Babel. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
From Broca to Christopher
Phrenology: The study of the psychological characteristicsof an individual based on the external shape of thecranium.
Bouillard (Student of F.J. Gall) became convinced that theability to speak was located in a specific area of the brain,the frontal lobes.Aubertin (son of Bouillard) was in the AnthropologicalSociety meeting where Broca described the case ofMonsieur Leborgne.
Monsieur Leborgne (TAN, †1861): ”Loss of speech, chronicsoftening, partial destruction of the Left Frontal Lobe of thebrain” (Broca, 1861). The road to studying the biologicalbasis of language had already been taken.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
based on Moro, Andrea. 2008. The Boundaries of Babel. The MIT Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
From Broca to Christopher
Phrenology: The study of the psychological characteristicsof an individual based on the external shape of thecranium.
Bouillard (Student of F.J. Gall) became convinced that theability to speak was located in a specific area of the brain,the frontal lobes.Aubertin (son of Bouillard) was in the AnthropologicalSociety meeting where Broca described the case ofMonsieur Leborgne.
Monsieur Leborgne (TAN, †1861): ”Loss of speech, chronicsoftening, partial destruction of the Left Frontal Lobe of thebrain” (Broca, 1861). The road to studying the biologicalbasis of language had already been taken.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.
In most common intelligence tests, below average.Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.
Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.
In most common intelligence tests, below average.Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.
In most common intelligence tests, below average.Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.
In most common intelligence tests, below average.Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.In most common intelligence tests, below average.
Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.In most common intelligence tests, below average.Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.
Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
From Broca to ChristopherXX Century: Fifties
Shannon: Information Theory, the grammars of humanlanguage could be interpreted using statistics.Chomsky working on automated translation. The structureof grammar is more complex than statistically basedmodels. ”The fact that all normal children acquireesseantially comparable grammar of great complexity withremarkable rapidity suggests that human beings aresomehow specially designed to do this” (Chomsky 1959)
Christopher was born in 1962.In most common intelligence tests, below average.Dissociation between language and other cognitive skillscoincided with the knowledge of many languages and theability to learn new ones.Berber vs. Epun. Control subjects learned the Epun rulesusing general intelligence.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundational aspects of human language
What is ”GRAMMAR”?
What are the parts that it is made of?How are they connected?When do they activate?
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundational aspects of human language
What is ”GRAMMAR”?What are the parts that it is made of?How are they connected?When do they activate?
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
Grammar as a filter of combinations of primitive elements
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)Dante, one, Beatrice, day, saw, and, astonished, was
After the filtersOne day Dante saw Beatrice and was astonishedor One day Beatrice saw Dante and was astonishedor Dante saw Beatrice or Beatrice was astonishedor even Dante saw Beatrice one day and was astonished
However, there are impossible combinations, including:Dante and astonished was one day Beatriceand Astonished Beatrice one.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
Grammar as a filter of combinations of primitive elements
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)Dante, one, Beatrice, day, saw, and, astonished, wasAfter the filtersOne day Dante saw Beatrice and was astonishedor One day Beatrice saw Dante and was astonishedor Dante saw Beatrice or Beatrice was astonishedor even Dante saw Beatrice one day and was astonished
However, there are impossible combinations, including:Dante and astonished was one day Beatriceand Astonished Beatrice one.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
Grammar as a filter of combinations of primitive elements
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)Dante, one, Beatrice, day, saw, and, astonished, wasAfter the filtersOne day Dante saw Beatrice and was astonishedor One day Beatrice saw Dante and was astonishedor Dante saw Beatrice or Beatrice was astonishedor even Dante saw Beatrice one day and was astonished
However, there are impossible combinations, including:Dante and astonished was one day Beatriceand Astonished Beatrice one.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
Piattelli-Palmarini(1980)Instructive Grammars: The rules that describe the possiblecombinations.
Selective Grammars: The rules that eliminate theimpossible combinations.
By finding the impossible combinations, we will discover thosegeneral principles that help us understand how grammar works.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
Piattelli-Palmarini(1980)Instructive Grammars: The rules that describe the possiblecombinations.Selective Grammars: The rules that eliminate theimpossible combinations.
By finding the impossible combinations, we will discover thosegeneral principles that help us understand how grammar works.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
Piattelli-Palmarini(1980)Instructive Grammars: The rules that describe the possiblecombinations.Selective Grammars: The rules that eliminate theimpossible combinations.
By finding the impossible combinations, we will discover thosegeneral principles that help us understand how grammar works.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
The brain and the enigma of impossible languages
Piattelli-Palmarini(1980)Instructive Grammars: The rules that describe the possiblecombinations.Selective Grammars: The rules that eliminate theimpossible combinations.
By finding the impossible combinations, we will discover thosegeneral principles that help us understand how grammar works.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)
Combining its phoneme repertoire Standard American Englishcould have 238 millions of billions of different words.What is the filter that reduces the huge number of words builtout of a certain phoneme inventory?
Filters
syllable structure, vowel is required in EnglishMorphemes cannot be combined freely.Syntax or combining words
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)
Combining its phoneme repertoire Standard American Englishcould have 238 millions of billions of different words.What is the filter that reduces the huge number of words builtout of a certain phoneme inventory?
Filterssyllable structure, vowel is required in English
Morphemes cannot be combined freely.Syntax or combining words
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)
Combining its phoneme repertoire Standard American Englishcould have 238 millions of billions of different words.What is the filter that reduces the huge number of words builtout of a certain phoneme inventory?
Filterssyllable structure, vowel is required in EnglishMorphemes cannot be combined freely.
Syntax or combining words
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Primitive Elements (Lexicon)
Combining its phoneme repertoire Standard American Englishcould have 238 millions of billions of different words.What is the filter that reduces the huge number of words builtout of a certain phoneme inventory?
Filterssyllable structure, vowel is required in EnglishMorphemes cannot be combined freely.Syntax or combining words
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.
XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.
XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*
Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)
Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammar
brain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Fundamental aspects of human language
ERRORS: Errors are natural in grammar.XEasy to produce errors because language is one of the mostcomplex system that we deal with every day.XEasy to detect because it is under our conscius examinationwhen we are producing and comprehending.
Error as deviation: Double Neg. I don’t see nothing*Error as omision: Not all possible combinations of syntacticrules are attested (Greenberg)Error as tool
to distinguish different components of grammarbrain damages
XError has become a founding central factor in the theory andpractice of modern research.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Brain: Brodmann’s areas
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
IFG, STS, ...
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
(functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
(functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
MRI Physics
A proton has a positive electric charge, and because itspins around itself, it produces a small magnetic field.Miniature bar magnet with a north and south pole
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
MRI Physics
Spins align with magnetic field B0
Outside scanner Inside scanner
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
MRI image: T1
T1: Spins go back to up/downstates.
T1 is unique to every tissue:Time constant T1 is defined asthe point where 63% of themagnetization M has recoveredalignment with B0
T1 relaxation called longitudinalrelaxation.Returning to equilibrium
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
MRI image: T1
T1: Spins go back to up/downstates.T1 is unique to every tissue:Time constant T1 is defined asthe point where 63% of themagnetization M has recoveredalignment with B0
T1 relaxation called longitudinalrelaxation.Returning to equilibrium
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
MRI image: T1
T1: Spins go back to up/downstates.T1 is unique to every tissue:Time constant T1 is defined asthe point where 63% of themagnetization M has recoveredalignment with B0
T1 relaxation called longitudinalrelaxation.
Returning to equilibrium
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
MRI image: T1
T1: Spins go back to up/downstates.T1 is unique to every tissue:Time constant T1 is defined asthe point where 63% of themagnetization M has recoveredalignment with B0
T1 relaxation called longitudinalrelaxation.Returning to equilibrium
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: BOLD Response
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Supplying Energy
Capillary networks supply glucose and oxigen.Haemoglobin carries glucose and oxigen to the neurons.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
What does BOLD measure?
Changes in Magnetic properties of Haemoglobin
More oxyhaemoglobin → increase signal
More deoxyhaemoglobin → decrease signal
So... we are NOT measuring oxigen usage directly
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
Haemodynamic Response Function
1 Initial Dip.2 Oversupply of oxygenated blod.3 Decrease before return to baseline.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolution
Cuantitative changes in specific brain areasGlobal Techniques (neural networks)
Cons
Poor temporal resolutionNoisy ScannerLimited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolutionCuantitative changes in specific brain areas
Global Techniques (neural networks)
Cons
Poor temporal resolutionNoisy ScannerLimited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolutionCuantitative changes in specific brain areasGlobal Techniques (neural networks)
Cons
Poor temporal resolutionNoisy ScannerLimited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolutionCuantitative changes in specific brain areasGlobal Techniques (neural networks)
Cons
Poor temporal resolutionNoisy ScannerLimited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolutionCuantitative changes in specific brain areasGlobal Techniques (neural networks)
ConsPoor temporal resolution
Noisy ScannerLimited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolutionCuantitative changes in specific brain areasGlobal Techniques (neural networks)
ConsPoor temporal resolutionNoisy Scanner
Limited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible LanguagesNeuroimaging Methods: (f)MRI
fMRI: Pros and Cons
ProsGreat spatial resolutionCuantitative changes in specific brain areasGlobal Techniques (neural networks)
ConsPoor temporal resolutionNoisy ScannerLimited space inside the magnet
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Possible and Impossible Grammars
Smith, Tsimpli, and Ouhalla 1993Polyglot savant Christopher.Experimentally exposed to
Berber: North African language
Epun: invented language containing rules that violatedcertain aspects of Universal Grammar.
The researchers found that while Christopher learned Berbereasily,he found it difficult to learn certain types of rules in Epun,particularly rules that violated structure dependency.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Possible and Impossible Grammars
Smith, Tsimpli, and Ouhalla 1993Polyglot savant Christopher.Experimentally exposed to
Berber: North African languageEpun: invented language containing rules that violatedcertain aspects of Universal Grammar.
The researchers found that while Christopher learned Berbereasily,he found it difficult to learn certain types of rules in Epun,particularly rules that violated structure dependency.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Possible and Impossible Grammars
Smith, Tsimpli, and Ouhalla 1993Polyglot savant Christopher.Experimentally exposed to
Berber: North African languageEpun: invented language containing rules that violatedcertain aspects of Universal Grammar.
The researchers found that while Christopher learned Berbereasily,he found it difficult to learn certain types of rules in Epun,particularly rules that violated structure dependency.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Possible and Impossible Grammars
Smith, Tsimpli, and Ouhalla 1993Polyglot savant Christopher.Experimentally exposed to
Berber: North African languageEpun: invented language containing rules that violatedcertain aspects of Universal Grammar.
The researchers found that while Christopher learned Berbereasily,he found it difficult to learn certain types of rules in Epun,particularly rules that violated structure dependency.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001
AIMSIsolate functional correlates of morphological and syntacticprocessingNeutralize the confounding effect of semantic component
Participants11 male (m.a. 26 y.o, range from 22 to 28)
TASKSubjects were asked to detect anomalies in pseudowords:
phonological anomaliesmorphosyntactic anomaliessyntactic anomalies
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001
AIMSIsolate functional correlates of morphological and syntacticprocessingNeutralize the confounding effect of semantic component
Participants11 male (m.a. 26 y.o, range from 22 to 28)
TASKSubjects were asked to detect anomalies in pseudowords:
phonological anomaliesmorphosyntactic anomaliessyntactic anomalies
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001
AIMSIsolate functional correlates of morphological and syntacticprocessingNeutralize the confounding effect of semantic component
Participants11 male (m.a. 26 y.o, range from 22 to 28)
TASKSubjects were asked to detect anomalies in pseudowords:
phonological anomaliesmorphosyntactic anomaliessyntactic anomalies
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001
Quasi-ItalianNonwords in order to neutralize the to semantic componentInflections & Function Words (D, aux., P., pl., etc.) of Italian
Syntactic Structure couldn’t be influenced by semanticinterpretationVisually presented 3 experimental conditions and 1 baselinePET experiment
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001
Quasi-ItalianNonwords in order to neutralize the to semantic componentInflections & Function Words (D, aux., P., pl., etc.) of Italian
Syntactic Structure couldn’t be influenced by semanticinterpretationVisually presented 3 experimental conditions and 1 baselinePET experiment
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001
MaterialsX BASELINE
Il gulco gianeva le braleDm/sg Nm/sg V-AGRT/T3rd/sg Df/pl Nf/pl
X PHONOLOGICAL ANOMALIESIl gulco giangzleva le brale
X MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANOMALIESIl gulco gianigiata questo bralo
X SYNTACTIC ANOMALIESGulco il gianeva le brale
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001: Results
Behavioral ResultsHigh accuracy in behavioral task
Functional ResultsCommon network of 3 experimental conditions (Baseline as reference):
Pars Opercularis of Brocas area (Ba 44)
Left inferior parietal lobule (Ba 40)
The cuneus (Ba 18)
Middle occipital gyrus (Ba 19 and 18)
Bilateral superior parietal lobule (Ba 7)
Bilateral precuneus (Ba 7)
Bilateral fusiform gyrus (Ba 18/37)
Cerebellum
Cerebellar vermisMaster on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001: Results
Common neural network of 3 experimental conditions:
(A) (S+M+Ph)-Baseline masked with the individual simple main effect, Z > 3.09
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001: Results
Morphosyntactic condition vs. Phonotactic condition
Significant activactions:Circular Sulcus (BA 45)
Right homologue of Broca’s area (BA 44, 45)
Vermis
(C) (M-Ph) Z > 2.33
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001: Results
Syntactic and Morphosyntactic processing detected in deepcomponent of Broca’s area and in right inferior frontal region.Only for Syntactic processing: Left caudate nucleus and insula.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001: Discussion
MAIN RESULTSSyntactic and Morphosyntactic processing detected indeep component of Broca’s area and in Right InferiorFrontal regionOnly for Syntactic processing: Caudate nucleus and Insula
CONCLUSIONSSyntactic capacities are not implemented in a single area(Left and Right Broca’s areas, Basal Ganglia and theCerebellum)Lack of a complete overlap between the neurologicalcorrelates fo the syntactic and the morphosyntacticcomponents of the language faculty (distinction made intheoretical linguistics)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Moro et al. 2001: Discussion
MAIN RESULTSSyntactic and Morphosyntactic processing detected indeep component of Broca’s area and in Right InferiorFrontal regionOnly for Syntactic processing: Caudate nucleus and Insula
CONCLUSIONSSyntactic capacities are not implemented in a single area(Left and Right Broca’s areas, Basal Ganglia and theCerebellum)Lack of a complete overlap between the neurologicalcorrelates fo the syntactic and the morphosyntacticcomponents of the language faculty (distinction made intheoretical linguistics)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
fMRI Experiment
Human languages’s syntactic rules are established onhierarchical syntactic notions (Chomsky, 1995).
In human languages there are no syntactic rules that are basedon the number of words occurring in a given sentence.
AIMNeuroanatomical differences between human language rulesand no human language rules
Participants14 Italian monolinguals (7 male, m.a. 27.2 y.o., range 21 to 31)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
fMRI Experiment
Human languages’s syntactic rules are established onhierarchical syntactic notions (Chomsky, 1995).
In human languages there are no syntactic rules that are basedon the number of words occurring in a given sentence.
AIMNeuroanatomical differences between human language rulesand no human language rules
Participants14 Italian monolinguals (7 male, m.a. 27.2 y.o., range 21 to 31)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
fMRI Experiment
Human languages’s syntactic rules are established onhierarchical syntactic notions (Chomsky, 1995).
In human languages there are no syntactic rules that are basedon the number of words occurring in a given sentence.
AIMNeuroanatomical differences between human language rulesand no human language rules
Participants14 Italian monolinguals (7 male, m.a. 27.2 y.o., range 21 to 31)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
fMRI Experiment
Human languages’s syntactic rules are established onhierarchical syntactic notions (Chomsky, 1995).
In human languages there are no syntactic rules that are basedon the number of words occurring in a given sentence.
AIMNeuroanatomical differences between human language rulesand no human language rules
Participants14 Italian monolinguals (7 male, m.a. 27.2 y.o., range 21 to 31)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
GRAMMATICAL RULES (G)Hierarchical phrase structure.G-RULE: The article immediately follows the noun it refers to.
NONGRAMMATICAL RULES (NG)Absolute position of some elements within the linear sequence of words.NG-RULE: Articles immediately follow the second word in the sentence.
TASKS
RULE ACQUISITION (RA): During the stage of acquisition a syntacticrule had to be extracted.
RULE USAGE (RU): During the stage of usage syntactic violations ofacquired rules had to be detected
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
GRAMMATICAL RULES (G)Hierarchical phrase structure.G-RULE: The article immediately follows the noun it refers to.
NONGRAMMATICAL RULES (NG)Absolute position of some elements within the linear sequence of words.NG-RULE: Articles immediately follow the second word in the sentence.
TASKS
RULE ACQUISITION (RA): During the stage of acquisition a syntacticrule had to be extracted.
RULE USAGE (RU): During the stage of usage syntactic violations ofacquired rules had to be detected
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
GRAMMATICAL RULES (G)Hierarchical phrase structure.G-RULE: The article immediately follows the noun it refers to.
NONGRAMMATICAL RULES (NG)Absolute position of some elements within the linear sequence of words.NG-RULE: Articles immediately follow the second word in the sentence.
TASKSRULE ACQUISITION (RA): During the stage of acquisition a syntacticrule had to be extracted.
RULE USAGE (RU): During the stage of usage syntactic violations ofacquired rules had to be detected
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002
GRAMMATICAL RULES (G)Hierarchical phrase structure.G-RULE: The article immediately follows the noun it refers to.
NONGRAMMATICAL RULES (NG)Absolute position of some elements within the linear sequence of words.NG-RULE: Articles immediately follow the second word in the sentence.
TASKSRULE ACQUISITION (RA): During the stage of acquisition a syntacticrule had to be extracted.
RULE USAGE (RU): During the stage of usage syntactic violations ofacquired rules had to be detected
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Materials
QUASI-ITALIAN: 4 experimental conditions and 2 baselines
RULE ACQUISITIONa RA-baseline: reading sentences following mother language syntax.
Molte tille bilbavano il daffioDf/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Art.m/s Nm/s
b G-RA: reading sentences following new syntactic rule of a G nature.Molte tille bilbavano daffio ilDf/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s Art.m/s
G-RULE: D immediatelly follows the noun it refers to
c NG-RA: reading sentences following new syntactic rule of a NG nature.Molte tille il bilbavano daffioDf/p Nf/p Art.m/s V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
NG-RULE: Art. immediatelly follows the secon word in the sentence
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Materials
QUASI-ITALIAN: 4 experimental conditions and 2 baselines
RULE ACQUISITIONa RA-baseline: reading sentences following mother language syntax.
Molte tille bilbavano il daffioDf/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Art.m/s Nm/s
b G-RA: reading sentences following new syntactic rule of a G nature.Molte tille bilbavano daffio ilDf/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s Art.m/s
G-RULE: D immediatelly follows the noun it refers to
c NG-RA: reading sentences following new syntactic rule of a NG nature.Molte tille il bilbavano daffioDf/p Nf/p Art.m/s V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
NG-RULE: Art. immediatelly follows the secon word in the sentence
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Materials
QUASI-ITALIAN: 4 experimental conditions and 2 baselines
RULE ACQUISITIONa RA-baseline: reading sentences following mother language syntax.
Molte tille bilbavano il daffioDf/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Art.m/s Nm/s
b G-RA: reading sentences following new syntactic rule of a G nature.Molte tille bilbavano daffio ilDf/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s Art.m/s
G-RULE: D immediatelly follows the noun it refers to
c NG-RA: reading sentences following new syntactic rule of a NG nature.Molte tille il bilbavano daffioDf/p Nf/p Art.m/s V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
NG-RULE: Art. immediatelly follows the secon word in the sentence
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Materials
4 experimental conditions and 2 baselines
RULE USAGEd RU-baseline: detecting violations of mother language syntax.
Tille molte bilbavano il daffioNf/p Df/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Art.m/s Nm/s
Syntactic Violation: N-D-V-Art-N → D-N-V-Art-N
e G-RU: detecting violations using the G-rule knowledge aquired in [b].Molte il tille bilbavano daffioDf/p Art.m/s Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
Rule Violation: D-Art-N-V-N → D-N-V-Art-N
f NG-RU: detecting rule violations using the NG-rule knowledge acquiredin [c].Il molte tille bilbavano daffioArt.m/s Df/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
Rule Violation: Art-D-N-V-N → D-N-Art-V-N
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Materials
4 experimental conditions and 2 baselines
RULE USAGEd RU-baseline: detecting violations of mother language syntax.
Tille molte bilbavano il daffioNf/p Df/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Art.m/s Nm/s
Syntactic Violation: N-D-V-Art-N → D-N-V-Art-N
e G-RU: detecting violations using the G-rule knowledge aquired in [b].Molte il tille bilbavano daffioDf/p Art.m/s Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
Rule Violation: D-Art-N-V-N → D-N-V-Art-N
f NG-RU: detecting rule violations using the NG-rule knowledge acquiredin [c].Il molte tille bilbavano daffioArt.m/s Df/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
Rule Violation: Art-D-N-V-N → D-N-Art-V-N
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Materials
4 experimental conditions and 2 baselines
RULE USAGEd RU-baseline: detecting violations of mother language syntax.
Tille molte bilbavano il daffioNf/p Df/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Art.m/s Nm/s
Syntactic Violation: N-D-V-Art-N → D-N-V-Art-N
e G-RU: detecting violations using the G-rule knowledge aquired in [b].Molte il tille bilbavano daffioDf/p Art.m/s Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
Rule Violation: D-Art-N-V-N → D-N-V-Art-N
f NG-RU: detecting rule violations using the NG-rule knowledge acquiredin [c].Il molte tille bilbavano daffioArt.m/s Df/p Nf/p V-T/agr-past/3rd-p Nm/s
Rule Violation: Art-D-N-V-N → D-N-Art-V-N
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Results
Overal main effects of rule acquisitioncompared with the baseline
Grammatical RulesOpercular portion of Broca (BA 44)Left Dorsal Premotor area (BA 6)Left Angular Gyrus (BA 39)
NonGrammtical RulesRight Middle Frontal Gyrus (BA 46)Right Superior Parietal Lobule (BA 7)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Results
Significant temporal changes during ruleacquisition
Behavioral Data:Same difficulty in G an NG rulesacquistion
fMRI Data:More activation during G rules than NGrules acquisitionOpercular Portion of Broca (BA 44)Left InsulaLeft Superior Frontal Gyrus (BA 8)Right Ventral Inferior Frontal Gyrus (BA47)Right Inferior Parietal Lobule (BA 40)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Results
Effects of proficiency in rule usage
Behavioral Data:
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Results
Effects of proficiency in rule usage
Behavioral Data:No significant effects comparing G andNG
fMRI Data:During G-rule usageHigh-proficiency group activatedsignificantly moreBroca’s Area (BA 44)Left Ventral Premotor Area (BA 6)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Conclusions
X Selective and robust participation of Broca’s area in theacquisition of novel Grammatical rules as opposed toNon-Grammatical rules.
X Perisilvian brain regions could be related to adults’ secondlanguage acquisition.
X In the early stages of language acquisition, the processingof novel linguistic structures engages lateral corticalaspects of Broca’s area that supports less automaticprocesses.
Direct comparison between two types of rules showed thathuman language grammatical rules specifically activated lefthemispheric network, including Broca.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Conclusions
X Selective and robust participation of Broca’s area in theacquisition of novel Grammatical rules as opposed toNon-Grammatical rules.
X Perisilvian brain regions could be related to adults’ secondlanguage acquisition.
X In the early stages of language acquisition, the processingof novel linguistic structures engages lateral corticalaspects of Broca’s area that supports less automaticprocesses.
Direct comparison between two types of rules showed thathuman language grammatical rules specifically activated lefthemispheric network, including Broca.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Conclusions
X Selective and robust participation of Broca’s area in theacquisition of novel Grammatical rules as opposed toNon-Grammatical rules.
X Perisilvian brain regions could be related to adults’ secondlanguage acquisition.
X In the early stages of language acquisition, the processingof novel linguistic structures engages lateral corticalaspects of Broca’s area that supports less automaticprocesses.
Direct comparison between two types of rules showed thathuman language grammatical rules specifically activated lefthemispheric network, including Broca.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Conclusions
X Selective and robust participation of Broca’s area in theacquisition of novel Grammatical rules as opposed toNon-Grammatical rules.
X Perisilvian brain regions could be related to adults’ secondlanguage acquisition.
X In the early stages of language acquisition, the processingof novel linguistic structures engages lateral corticalaspects of Broca’s area that supports less automaticprocesses.
Direct comparison between two types of rules showed thathuman language grammatical rules specifically activated lefthemispheric network, including Broca.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Tettamanti et al. 2002: Conclusions
X Selective and robust participation of Broca’s area in theacquisition of novel Grammatical rules as opposed toNon-Grammatical rules.
X Perisilvian brain regions could be related to adults’ secondlanguage acquisition.
X In the early stages of language acquisition, the processingof novel linguistic structures engages lateral corticalaspects of Broca’s area that supports less automaticprocesses.
Direct comparison between two types of rules showed thathuman language grammatical rules specifically activated lefthemispheric network, including Broca.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
AIMTo investigate the system underlying the acquisition of newlinguistic competence of two parametrically differentlanguages: Italian and Japanese.
To differentiate the rule learning based on UG and Non-UGsystems.
Participants
Japanese Experiment: 8 German natives learning realand unreal rules of Japanese (4 males; 22.6) ItalianExperiment: 8 German natives learning real and unrealrules of Italian (4 males; 24.3)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
AIMTo investigate the system underlying the acquisition of newlinguistic competence of two parametrically differentlanguages: Italian and Japanese.To differentiate the rule learning based on UG and Non-UGsystems.
Participants
Japanese Experiment: 8 German natives learning realand unreal rules of Japanese (4 males; 22.6) ItalianExperiment: 8 German natives learning real and unrealrules of Italian (4 males; 24.3)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
AIMTo investigate the system underlying the acquisition of newlinguistic competence of two parametrically differentlanguages: Italian and Japanese.To differentiate the rule learning based on UG and Non-UGsystems.
Participants
Japanese Experiment: 8 German natives learning realand unreal rules of Japanese (4 males; 22.6) ItalianExperiment: 8 German natives learning real and unrealrules of Italian (4 males; 24.3)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
AIMTo investigate the system underlying the acquisition of newlinguistic competence of two parametrically differentlanguages: Italian and Japanese.To differentiate the rule learning based on UG and Non-UGsystems.
ParticipantsJapanese Experiment: 8 German natives learning realand unreal rules of Japanese (4 males; 22.6) ItalianExperiment: 8 German natives learning real and unrealrules of Italian (4 males; 24.3)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
TasksSyntactic correctness detection: Subjects read sentences inreal and unreal language and then judged if they are correctaccording to the learned rules.
MethodsDuring the fMRI in pauses between sessions (3min, 1min foreachs rule) subjects learned 3 real grammatical rules of Italianor Japanese and 3 artificial rules of an ”unreal” language usingItalian or Japanese vocabulary.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
TasksSyntactic correctness detection: Subjects read sentences inreal and unreal language and then judged if they are correctaccording to the learned rules.
MethodsDuring the fMRI in pauses between sessions (3min, 1min foreachs rule) subjects learned 3 real grammatical rules of Italianor Japanese and 3 artificial rules of an ”unreal” language usingItalian or Japanese vocabulary.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
Rule LearningDuring the pauses between sessions one slide was presenteddescribing each rule (for 30 s) with sentences to clarify the rule,followed by one slide for each rule (also for 30 s) severalexamples, some of which were grammatically incorrect. Here,the subject had to judge the grammatical correcteness of thestimuli
ProcedurefMRI experiment lasted 44 min, 10 fMRI sessions.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003
Rule LearningDuring the pauses between sessions one slide was presenteddescribing each rule (for 30 s) with sentences to clarify the rule,followed by one slide for each rule (also for 30 s) severalexamples, some of which were grammatically incorrect. Here,the subject had to judge the grammatical correcteness of thestimuli
ProcedurefMRI experiment lasted 44 min, 10 fMRI sessions.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
3 rules of real and 3 rules of unreal Italian
Real Italian: Hierarchical RelationsNull-subject parameterPassive formationSubordinate declarative
Unreal Italian: Lineal order of wordsNegative construction: Put negative no after the third wordin the sentenceInterrogative: Invert the word orderArticle agreement: Indefinite article always agree with thelast noun
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
3 rules of real and 3 rules of unreal Italian
Real Italian: Hierarchical RelationsNull-subject parameterPassive formationSubordinate declarative
Unreal Italian: Lineal order of wordsNegative construction: Put negative no after the third wordin the sentenceInterrogative: Invert the word orderArticle agreement: Indefinite article always agree with thelast noun
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
3 rules of real and 3 rules of unreal Italian
Real Italian: Hierarchical RelationsNull-subject parameterPassive formationSubordinate declarative
Unreal Italian: Lineal order of wordsNegative construction: Put negative no after the third wordin the sentenceInterrogative: Invert the word orderArticle agreement: Indefinite article always agree with thelast noun
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
ITALIAN MATERIALS
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
3 rules of real and 3 rules of unreal Japanes
Real Japanese: Hierarchical RelationsMain clause word order. Jap→SOV; Ger→SVOPassive formation. Jap→-reru; Ger→ge-Subordinate declarative. Jap→S[SVO]V; Ger→SV[SOV]
Unreal Italian: Lineal order of wordsNegative construction: Put negative nai after the third wordin the sentenceInterrogative: Invert the word orderPast tense construction: Put -ta after on the second wordcounting from right to left.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
3 rules of real and 3 rules of unreal Japanes
Real Japanese: Hierarchical RelationsMain clause word order. Jap→SOV; Ger→SVOPassive formation. Jap→-reru; Ger→ge-Subordinate declarative. Jap→S[SVO]V; Ger→SV[SOV]
Unreal Italian: Lineal order of wordsNegative construction: Put negative nai after the third wordin the sentenceInterrogative: Invert the word orderPast tense construction: Put -ta after on the second wordcounting from right to left.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
3 rules of real and 3 rules of unreal Japanes
Real Japanese: Hierarchical RelationsMain clause word order. Jap→SOV; Ger→SVOPassive formation. Jap→-reru; Ger→ge-Subordinate declarative. Jap→S[SVO]V; Ger→SV[SOV]
Unreal Italian: Lineal order of wordsNegative construction: Put negative nai after the third wordin the sentenceInterrogative: Invert the word orderPast tense construction: Put -ta after on the second wordcounting from right to left.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Materials
JAPANESE MATERIALS
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Results
Behavioral Results
Italian Japanese
No differences in acquisition ofreal/unreal Italian andJapanese
Real grammars learning taskswere faster than unreal inItalian (P < .0001) and inJapanese (P < .03).
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: fMRI Results
Interac: performance and type of rule (real vs. unreal It)
Changes in BOLDsignal in the LeftInferior FrontalGyrus
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: fMRI Results
Common patterns of activation of real and unreal Italian
Right InferiorFrontal Gyrus
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: fMRI Results
Interaction: performance and tye pof rule in Jap
Changes in BOLDsignal in the LeftInferior FrontalGyrus
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: fMRI Results
Conjunction of analysis real-unreal learning experiment(Jap)
Changes in BOLDsignal in the LeftInferior FrontalGyrus
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Conclusions
ConclusionThe results indicate that the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus iscentrally involved in the acquisition of new linguisticcompetence, but only when the new language is based onprinciples of UG.
Increase of activation over time in Broca’s area was specific forreal language acquisition only, independent of the languagetype
Main ResultIncrease of activation over time in Broca’s area was specific forreal language acquisition only, independent of the kind oflanguage
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Conclusions
ConclusionThe results indicate that the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus iscentrally involved in the acquisition of new linguisticcompetence, but only when the new language is based onprinciples of UG.Increase of activation over time in Broca’s area was specific forreal language acquisition only, independent of the languagetype
Main ResultIncrease of activation over time in Broca’s area was specific forreal language acquisition only, independent of the kind oflanguage
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Moro et al. 2001Tettamanti et al. 2002Musso et al. 2003
Musso et al. 2003: Conclusions
ConclusionThe results indicate that the Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus iscentrally involved in the acquisition of new linguisticcompetence, but only when the new language is based onprinciples of UG.Increase of activation over time in Broca’s area was specific forreal language acquisition only, independent of the languagetype
Main ResultIncrease of activation over time in Broca’s area was specific forreal language acquisition only, independent of the kind oflanguage
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?Evidence from Aphasia
Left Anterior Temporal Lobe is also important in syntacticprocessing
Broca’s aphasics do not completely lack knowledge of syntax.
Broca’s aphasics exhibit semantic deficits
Broca’s aphasics not deficit of knowledge but a processing deficit
The brain areas that are damaged in Broca’saphasics need not to be the areas wheresyntactic knowledge is stored.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?Evidence from Aphasia
Left Anterior Temporal Lobe is also important in syntacticprocessing
Broca’s aphasics do not completely lack knowledge of syntax.
Broca’s aphasics exhibit semantic deficits
Broca’s aphasics not deficit of knowledge but a processing deficit
The brain areas that are damaged in Broca’saphasics need not to be the areas wheresyntactic knowledge is stored.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?Evidence from Aphasia
Left Anterior Temporal Lobe is also important in syntacticprocessing
Broca’s aphasics do not completely lack knowledge of syntax.
Broca’s aphasics exhibit semantic deficits
Broca’s aphasics not deficit of knowledge but a processing deficit
The brain areas that are damaged in Broca’saphasics need not to be the areas wheresyntactic knowledge is stored.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?Evidence from Aphasia
Left Anterior Temporal Lobe is also important in syntacticprocessing
Broca’s aphasics do not completely lack knowledge of syntax.
Broca’s aphasics exhibit semantic deficits
Broca’s aphasics not deficit of knowledge but a processing deficit
The brain areas that are damaged in Broca’saphasics need not to be the areas wheresyntactic knowledge is stored.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?Evidence from Aphasia
Left Anterior Temporal Lobe is also important in syntacticprocessing
Broca’s aphasics do not completely lack knowledge of syntax.
Broca’s aphasics exhibit semantic deficits
Broca’s aphasics not deficit of knowledge but a processing deficit
The brain areas that are damaged in Broca’saphasics need not to be the areas wheresyntactic knowledge is stored.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?Evidence from Aphasia
Left Anterior Temporal Lobe is also important in syntacticprocessing
Broca’s aphasics do not completely lack knowledge of syntax.
Broca’s aphasics exhibit semantic deficits
Broca’s aphasics not deficit of knowledge but a processing deficit
The brain areas that are damaged in Broca’saphasics need not to be the areas wheresyntactic knowledge is stored.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Isolating Syntax
In previous Literature1 Complex vs Simple sentences
2 Sentences vs. Lists of Words3 Senteces vs. Jabberwocky4 Correct vs. Incorrect sentences
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Isolating Syntax
In previous Literature1 Complex vs Simple sentences2 Sentences vs. Lists of Words
3 Senteces vs. Jabberwocky4 Correct vs. Incorrect sentences
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Isolating Syntax
In previous Literature1 Complex vs Simple sentences2 Sentences vs. Lists of Words3 Senteces vs. Jabberwocky
4 Correct vs. Incorrect sentences
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Isolating Syntax
In previous Literature1 Complex vs Simple sentences2 Sentences vs. Lists of Words3 Senteces vs. Jabberwocky4 Correct vs. Incorrect sentences
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Complex vs. Simple Sentences
BROCA (BA 44, 45)Complex conditions involveadditional syntacticoperations
Canonical Word OrderReconstructions vs. WorkingMemory Load
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Complex vs. Simple Sentences
BROCA (BA 44, 45)Complex conditions involveadditional syntacticoperationsCanonical Word OrderReconstructions vs. WorkingMemory Load
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Sentences vs. Words
no Broca activation
Very simple sentences were used.
→ Broca is not necessarily involvedin syntactic operations
but only comes into play when theprocessing load increases.
Temporal Lobe
sometimes bilateral
patients with morphosyntacticproblems
superior and middle temporal gyri(BA 22, 21)
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Jabberwocky and Syntactic Prose
examplesThe mumphy folofel fonged the apole trecon.The infuriated water grabbed the justifieddream.
STSPosterior Superior Temporal SulcusAnterior Superior Temporal Sulcus
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Correct vs. Incorrect Sentences
Syntactic violations haveconsequences for the semanticinterpretation.Detecting syntactic errors ofJabberwocky enlarge activity inleft BA45
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 11 Is there a specific area for syntax?
NO
2 Temporal LobeAnterior, middle and posterior parts of the Superior andMiddle Temporal Gyri.
3 Are areas unique for syntactic processing?NOBroca and Temporal Lobe’s areas has been activated inprocessing of syntactically unconnected words, lists ofsyllables, semantics, even during music perception
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 11 Is there a specific area for syntax?
NO2 Temporal Lobe
Anterior, middle and posterior parts of the Superior andMiddle Temporal Gyri.
3 Are areas unique for syntactic processing?NOBroca and Temporal Lobe’s areas has been activated inprocessing of syntactically unconnected words, lists ofsyllables, semantics, even during music perception
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 11 Is there a specific area for syntax?
NO2 Temporal Lobe
Anterior, middle and posterior parts of the Superior andMiddle Temporal Gyri.
3 Are areas unique for syntactic processing?NOBroca and Temporal Lobe’s areas has been activated inprocessing of syntactically unconnected words, lists ofsyllables, semantics, even during music perception
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.
None of these areas are unique for syntax.Brain modularity for language remains unclear.Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.Borca → storing non-integrated material.Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.None of these areas are unique for syntax.
Brain modularity for language remains unclear.Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.Borca → storing non-integrated material.Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.None of these areas are unique for syntax.Brain modularity for language remains unclear.
Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.Borca → storing non-integrated material.Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.None of these areas are unique for syntax.Brain modularity for language remains unclear.Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.
Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.Borca → storing non-integrated material.Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.None of these areas are unique for syntax.Brain modularity for language remains unclear.Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.
Borca → storing non-integrated material.Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.None of these areas are unique for syntax.Brain modularity for language remains unclear.Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.Borca → storing non-integrated material.
Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
INTRO:Possible and Impossible Grammars
Is Broca the seat of Syntax?
Kaan and Swaab 2002
Conclusions 2Syntactic processing involves multiple brain areas.None of these areas are unique for syntax.Brain modularity for language remains unclear.Middle and superior temporal lobes → lexical processing.Anterior temporal lobe → encoding information.Borca → storing non-integrated material.Right areas → Prosody, ambiguity, discourse processing,and error detection.
Master on Linguistics (Kepa Erdozia and Itziar Laka) Advanced Course in Psycholinguistics and Neurolinguistics
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