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The regionalaccents of English speakers show great variation across the areas where Englishis spoken as a first language. This article provides an overview of the many identifiable variationsinpronunciation, usually deriving from the phoneme inventory of the local dialect, of the localvariety ofStandard Englishbetween various populations of native English speakers
Local accents are part of local dialects. Any dialect of English has unique features
inpronunciation,vocabulary, andgrammar. The term "accent" describes only the first of these,
namely, pronunciation. See also: List of dialects of the English language.
Non-native speakers of English tend to carry over the intonation and phonemicinventory from
theirmother tongue into their English speech. For more details see Non-native pronunciations of
English.
mong native English speakers, many different accents exist. Some regional accents are easilyidentified by certain characteristics. Further variations are to be found within the regions identifiedbelow; for example, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city ofManchestersuchas Bolton, OldhamandSalford, each have distinct accents, all of which form the Lancashireaccent, yet in extreme cases are different enough to be noticed even by a non-local listener.There is also much room for misunderstanding between people from different regions, as the wayone word is pronounced in one accent (for example,petalin American English) will sound like adifferent word in another accent (for example,pearlin Scottish English).
Great Britain
Accents and dialects vary widely across the United Kingdom; as such, a single "British
accent" does not exist, but someone could be said to have an English, Welsh, or Scottish accent
although these all have several different sub-types.
[edit]England
There is considerable variation within the accents of English across England. Two sets of accents
are spoken in theWest Country,Cornish (primarily in South Cornwall) and West Country(thecounties ofDevon,Somerset,Gloucestershire,Bristol,Dorset(Not so much in east
Dorset), Wiltshire (again, less so in eastern Wiltshire), and also in East Cornwall). The accents
ofNorthern Englandare also distinctive including a range of variations:Northumberland,County
Durham,Newcastle upon Tyne, Sunderland,Cumbria,Lancashire with regional variants
inBolton,Burnley,Blackburn,Manchester,Preston,Blackpool,Merseyside andWigan,Yorkshire
is also distinctive, having variations between theNorth Riding of Yorkshire,West Riding of
Yorkshire andEast Riding of Yorkshire. Other accents include a range of accents spoken in
theWest Midlands (In the major towns and conurbations (The Black
Country,Birmingham,Coventry,Stoke-on-Trent and Wolverhampton) and in rural accents (such
as in Herefordshire and south Worcestershire)); the accents of the counties comprising the East
Midlands (Derby, Leicester,Lincoln,Northampton, andNottingham) andEast
Anglia (Norfolk,Suffolk, north EssexandCambridgeshire). Even within these broad categories
there are considerable differences in inflection and pronunciation.[citation needed]
[edit]Scotland
The regional accents ofScottish English generally follow the a similar pattern to that of the
dialects ofModern Scots:[1][2]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Salfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Salfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cornishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cornishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_dialect_and_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabularyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_the_English_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_tonguehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldhamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Salfordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Cornishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Country_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somersethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiltshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitmatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geordiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbrian_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_dialect_and_accenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston,_Lancashirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birminghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Midlands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottinghamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-17/22/2019 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Insular Scots Orkney andShetland.
Northern Scots north of the Firth of Tay.
North Northern Caithness, Easter Ross and theBlack Isle.
Mid Northern (also called North East[3]and popularly known as the Doric)
Moray,Buchan andAberdeenshire.
South Northern eastAngus and the Mearns.
Central Scots the Central Lowlands and South west Scotland.
North East Central north of theForth, in south east Perthshireand west Angus.
South East Central in the Lothians,PeeblesshireandBerwickshire
West Central Dunbartonshire, Lanarkshire,Renfrewshire,Inverclyde,Ayrshire,
on the Isle of Bute and to the southern extremity ofKintyre.
South West Central west Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshireand Wigtownshire.
Southern Scots mid and eastDumfriesshire and the Scottish
Borders counties Selkirkshire and Roxburghshire, in particular the valleys of theAnnan,the Esk, the Liddel Water, the Teviotand theYarrow Water. It is also known as the "border
tongue" or "border Scots".
A number of pronunciation features set Scots apart from neighbouring English dialects. The Scots
pronunciation ofcome[km] contrasts with [km] in Northern English. The Scots
realisation [km]reaches as far south as the mouth of the north Eskin northCumbria, crossing
Cumbria and skirting the foot of the Cheviotsbefore reaching the east coast atBamburghsome
12 miles north ofAlnwick. The Scots [x]English []/[f] cognate group (micht-might, eneuch-
enough, etc.) can be found in a small portion of north Cumbria with the southern limit stretching
from Bewcastleto LongtownandGretna. The Scots pronunciation ofwh as [] becomes
English [w] south ofCarlisle but remains inNorthumberland, but Northumberland realises r
as [], often called the burr, which is not a Scots realisation. Thus the greater part of the valley of
the Esk and the whole ofLiddesdalecan be considered to be northern English dialects rather
than Scots ones. From the nineteenth century onwards influence from the South through
education and increased mobility have caused Scots features to retreat northwards so that for all
practical purposes the political and linguistic boundaries may be considered to coincide.[4]
[edit]Wales
Main article:Welsh English
The accent of English inWalesis strongly influenced by the phonology of the Welsh language,
which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first orsecond language.The North Wales accent is distinct fromSouth Walesand north east Wales is influenced
by Scouse and Cheshire accents. South Wales border accents are influenced by West
Country accents. The Wenglish of theSouth Wales Valleysshows a deep cross-fertilisation
between the two.
The Cardiff dialect and accent is also quite distinctive from that of the South Wales Valleys,
primarily:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Tayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Lowlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Butehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Annanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Dumfries_and_Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Dumfries_and_Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddel_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teviothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teviothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set#Use_in_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewcastlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewcastlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtown,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtown,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna,_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttural_Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddesdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddesdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shetlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Tayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caithnesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Rosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Islehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Northern_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeenshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincardineshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Lowlandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothianshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peeblesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunbartonshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanarkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverclydehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Butehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigtownshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Scotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumfriesshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bordershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkirkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxburghshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Annanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Dumfries_and_Gallowayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddel_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teviothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarrow_Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Esk,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheviotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamburghhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alnwickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set#Use_in_linguisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bewcastlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longtown,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretna,_Scotlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labio-velar_approximanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberlandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guttural_Rhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddesdalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleyshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys7/22/2019 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The substitution of// by [][5][6]
here/h/ pronounced [hj] or[j] in broader accents
A more open pronunciation of//as in love and other[6]
// is widely realised as [], giving a pronunciation ofCardiff/
kadf/ as Kahdiff[kdf]
Ireland
Main article:Hiberno-English
Irelandhas several main groups of accents, including (1) those of Dublin and surrounding areas
on the east coast where English has been spoken since the earliest period of colonisation from
Britain, (2) the accents of Ulster, with a strong influence from Scotland as well as the underlying
Gaelic linguistic stratum which in that province approaches the Gaelic of Scotland, and (3) the
various accents of west, midlands and south.
[edit]Ulster
The Ulsteraccent has two main sub accents, namely Mid Ulster EnglishandUlster Scots. The
language is spoken throughout the nine counties of Ulster, and in some northern areas of
bordering counties such as LouthandLeitrim. It bears many similarities to Scottish English
through influence from Ulster Scots, which has many distinct characteristics and is often seen as
a variety ofScots.
Some characteristics of the Ulster accent include:
As in Scotland, the vowels // and /u/ are merged, so that lookand Luke are
homophonous. The vowel is a high central rounded vowel,[].
The diphthong /a/ is pronounced approximately [], but wide variation exists,
especially betweensocial classes inBelfast
In Belfast, /e/ is a monophthong in open syllables (e.g. day[d]) but a rising diphthong
in closed syllables (e.g. daze[dez]). But the monophthong remains when inflectional
endings are added, thus daze contrasts with days[dz].
The alveolar stops/t, d/ become dental before /r, r/, e.g. tree and spider
/t/ often undergoesflappingto [] before an unstressedsyllable, e.g. eighty[ei]
[edit]Connacht, Leinster, and Munster
The accent of these three provinces fluctuates greatly from the flat tone of the midlands counties
of Laois, Kildare, and Offaly, the perceived sing-songof Cork and Kerry, to the soft accents of
Mayo and Galway.
Historically the Dublin county area, parts of Wicklow and Louth, became under heavy exclusive
influence from the first English settlements (known as The Pale). It remained until Independence
from Britain as the biggest concentration of English influence in the whole island.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Phonetics-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing-song&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing-song&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Phonetics-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Keyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Cardiff_accent-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid_Ulster_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Leitrimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_central_rounded_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_consonanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flappinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_stresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Irelandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sing-song&action=edit&redlink=17/22/2019 accents.doc
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The Corkonian accent has a unique lyrical intonation. Every sentence typically ends in the
trademark elongated tail-off on the last word. In Cork heavier emphasis yet is put on the brrr
sound to the letter R.
Similar to the Cork accent but without the same unmistakable intonation, Kerry puts even heavier
emphasis on the brrr sound to the letter R. For example: the word Forty. Throughout the south
this word is pronounced whereby the r exhibits the typified Irish brrr. In Kerry however (especially
in rural areas) the roll on the r is enforced with vibrations from the tongue (not unlike Scottish
here). "Are you?" becomes a co-joined "A-rrou?" single tongue flutter (esp. in rural areas). This
extra emphasis on R is also seen in varying measures through parts of West Limerick and West
Cork in closer proximity to Kerry.
Another feature in the Kerry accent is the S before the consonant. True to its Gaelic origins in a
manner similar to parts of Connacht "s" maintains the shh sound as in shop or sheep. The word
Start becomes "Shtart." Stop becomes Shtop.
Irish Travellers
Irish Travellershave a very distinct accent closely related to a rural Hiberno-English, particularlythe English spoken in Connaught from where they originate. Many Irish Travellers who were bornin parts of Dublin or Britain have the accent in spite of it being strikingly different to the localaccents in those regions . They also have their own language which strongly links in with theirdialect/accent of English, see Shelta.
North America
Main article:North American English regional phonology
Main article:North American English
North American English is a collective term for the dialects of the United States and Canada; it
does not include the varieties ofCaribbean English spoken in the West Indies.
Rhoticity and mergers before /r/. Most North American English accents differ from
Received Pronunciation and some other British dialects by beingrhotic; the phoneme /r/ is
pronounced before consonants and at the end of syllables, and the "r-colored vowel" [] is
used as a syllable nucleus. For example, while the words hardand singerwould be
pronounced [hd] and [s] in Received Pronunciation, they would be
pronounced [hd] and [s] inGeneral American. (Exceptions are certain traditional
accents found in eastern New England, New York City, and the Southern United States.) R-
coloring has ultimately led to some phonemic mergers before historic /r/ that are unknown in
most other native dialects: in many North American accents, Mary, merryand marrysound
the same, despite having different vowels in RP ([], [], [] respectively);
likewise, hairyrhymes with ferry, and nearerrhymes with mirror.[dubiousdiscuss]
Mergers of the low back vowels. Other North American mergers that are absent in
Received Pronunciation are the merger of the vowels ofcaught and cot ([kt] and [kt] in
RP) in many accents, and the merger offather(RP [f]) and bother(RP [b]) in
almost all.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiberno-Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_English_regional_phonologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-colored_vowelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Americanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Regional_accents_of_English#Dubioushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_merger7/22/2019 accents.doc
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Flat A. Most North American accents lack the so-calledtrapbath splitfound in Southern
England: Words like ask, answer, grass, bath, staff, dance are pronounced with the short-
a // oftrap, not with the broad A // offatherheard in Southern England as well as in most
of the Southern hemisphere. (In North America, the vowel offatherhas merged with that
oflotand bother, see above.)
Flapping of /t/ and /d/. Another feature distinguishing North American English dialects in
general from British Received Pronunciation is the voicing orflappingof /t/ before an
unstressed vowel, causing the word betterto sound like "bedder" [bd] or[b].
The United States does not have a concrete 'standard' accent in the same way that Britain
has Received Pronunciation. Nonetheless, a form of speech known to linguists as General
American is perceived by most Americans to be "accent-less", meaning a person who speaks in
such a manner does not appear to be from anywhere. The region of the United States that most
resembles this is the central Midwest, specifically eastern Nebraska (including Omaha and
Lincoln), southern and central Iowa (including Des Moines), and western Illinois (including Peoria
and the Quad Cities, but not the Chicago area).
[edit]Canada
Main article:Canadian English
Three major dialect areas can be found in Canada: Western/Central Canada, the Maritimes, and
Newfoundland.
The phonology ofWest/Central Canadian English, also called General Canadian, is broadly
identical to that of the Western US, except for the following features:
The diphthongs /a/ and /a/ are raised to approximately [] and [][7] before
voiceless consonants; thus, for example, the vowel sound ofout[t] is different from that
ofloud[lad]. This feature is known as Canadian raising.
There is no contrast between the vowels ofcaughtand cot(cotcaught merger, as
above); in addition, the short a ofbatis more open than almost everywhere else in North
America [ ~ a]. The other front lax vowels // and //, too, can be lowered and/or
retracted. This phenomenon has been labelled the Canadian Shift.
With respect to phonemic incidence, the pronunciation of certain words has American and/or
British influence. For instance, shone is /n/; been is often /bin/;process can be /pross/; etc.
Words like drama,pyjamas,pasta tend to have // rather than //~//. Words
like sorrow, Florida, orange have /or/ rather than /r/; therefore, sorryrhymes with storyratherthan with starry.
United States
Main article:American English
[edit]West Indies and Bermuda
For discussion, see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-AutoZC-1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap%E2%80%93bath_splithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_taphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West/Central_Canadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-AutoZC-1-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_raisinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cot%E2%80%93caught_mergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shifthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=127/22/2019 accents.doc
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Bahamian English
Bajan Creole
Bermudian English
Caribbean English
Jamaican English
Trinidadian English
[edit]Southern hemisphere
[edit]Australia
Main article:Australian English
Australian English is relatively homogenous when compared toBritishandAmerican English.
There is however some regional variation between the states, particularly in regards toSouth
Australia,Victoria and Western Australia.
Three main varieties of Australian English are spoken according to linguists: Broad
Australian,General Australian and Cultivated Australian.[8] They are part of a continuum,
reflecting variations in accent. They can, but do not always reflect the social class, education and
urban or rural background of the speaker.[9]
Australian Aboriginal English refers to the various varieties of the English language used
by Indigenous Australians. These varieties, which developed differently in different parts of
Australia, vary along a continuum, from forms close to General Australian to more
nonstandard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words and meanings,
as well as language use.
The furthest extent of the Aboriginal dialect isAustralian Kriol language, which is
not mutually intelligible with General Australian English. On the Torres Strait Islands, a distinctive dialect known asTorres Strait English is
spoken.
In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that
occurs before the sounds nd, ns, nt, nce, nch, and mple, and the pronunciation of the suffix "-
mand". In words like "chance", "plant", "branch", "sample" and "demand", the vast majority of
Australians use the short // vowel from the word "cat". InSouth Australian Englishhowever
there is a high proportion of people who use the broad /a / vowel from the word "cart" in
these words.
Centringdiphthongs, which are the vowels that occur in words
like ear, beardand air, sheer. In Western Australian Englishthere is a tendency for centring
diphthongs to be pronounced as full diphthongs. Those in the eastern states will tend to
pronounce "fear" and "sheer" without any jaw movement, while the westerners would
pronounce them like "fia" and "shia", respectively.[10]
In Victoria, many speakers pronounce the "a" and "e" vowels in a way that is distinct from
speakers in other states. The first vowel in "celery" and "salary" are the same, so that both
words sound like "salary". These speakers will also tend to say "halicopter" instead of
"helicopter". For many older Victorian speakers, the words "celery" and "salary" also sound
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajan_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English#Sociocultural_variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-mannell-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-mannell-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-macquarie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-ozvoices-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajan_Creolehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaican_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidadian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=13http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Australianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English#Sociocultural_variationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-mannell-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-macquarie-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Kriol_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torres_Strait_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-ozvoices-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salary7/22/2019 accents.doc
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the same but instead both sound like "celery". These speakers will also pronounce words
such as "alps" as "elps". [citation needed]
New Zealand
The New Zealand accent is distinguished from the Australian one by the presence of "clipped"
vowels, slightly resembling South African English. Phonetically, these are raised or centralised
versions of the short "i" and "e" vowels, which in New Zealand are close to [] and [] respectively
rather than [] and []. New Zealand pronunciations are often popularly represented outside New
Zealand by writing "fish and chips" as "fush and chups", "yes" as "yiss", "sixty-six" as "suxty-sux."
Scottish English influence is most evident in the southern regions of New Zealand,
notably Dunedin.
Geographical variations appear slight, and mainly confined to individual special local words. One
group of speakers, however, hold a recognised place as "talking differently": the South of the
South Island (Murihiku) harbours a "Celtic fringe" of people speaking with a "Southland burr" in
which a back-trilled 'r' appears prominently. The area formed a traditional repository of
immigration from Scotland.
The trilled 'r' is also used by some Mori, who may also pronounce 't' and 'k' sounds without
aspiration, striking other English speakers as similar to 'd' and 'g'. This is also encountered in
South African English, especially amongAfrikaans speakers.
Falkland Islands
Main article: Falkland Islands English
The Falkland Islands have a large non-native born population, mainly from Britain, but also
from Saint Helena. In rural areas, the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The accent has
resemblances to both Australia-NZ English, and that ofNorfolk in England, and contains a
number of Spanish loanwords.
[edit]Saint Helena
"Saints", as Saint Helenan islanders are called, have a variety of different influences on their
accent. To outsiders, the accent has resemblances to the accents of South Africa, Australia, and
New Zealand.
Television is a reasonably recent arrival there, and is only just beginning to have an effect.
[edit]Southern Africa
[edit]South Africa
Main article: South African English
South Africahas 11 official languages, one of which is English. Accents vary significantly
between ethnic and language groups.[11]Native English speakers (white, Indian
andColoured orCape Coloured) in South Africa have an accent that generally resembles
BritishReceived Pronunciation (modified with varying degrees of Germanic inflection due to
Afrikaans).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islands_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falkland_Islandshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Helenahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=18http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-esa-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Colouredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_Pronunciation7/22/2019 accents.doc
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The Coloured community are generally bilingual, however English accents are strongly influenced
by primary mother-tongue (Afrikaans or English). A range of accents can be seen, with the
majority of Coloureds showing a strong Afrikaans inflection. Similarly,Afrikaners(and Cape
Coloureds), both descendant of mainly Dutch settlers, tend to pronounce English phonemes with
a strong Afrikaans inflection. The English accents of both related groups are significantly different
and easily distinguishable (primarily because of prevalent code-switchingamongst the majority of
Coloured English speakers, particularly in the Western Capeof South Africa). The range of
accents found amongst English-speaking Coloureds (from the distinctive "Cape Flats or Coloured
English"[12] to the standard "colloquial" South African English accent) are of special interest.
Geography and education levels play major roles therein.
BlackAfricansgenerally speak English as a second language, and accent is strongly influenced
by mother-tongue (particularly Bantu languages). However, urban middle-classblack Africans
have developed an English accent, with similar inflection as native English speakers. Black,
Indian and Coloured students educated in former Model C schools or at formerly white tertiary
institutions will generally adopt a similar accent to their white classmates. [13]Code-switching and
the "Cape Flats" accent are becoming popular amongst white learners in public schools withinCape Town.[citation needed]
South African accents also vary between major cities (particularly Cape Town, Durban and
Johannesburg) and provinces (regions).[14]Accent variation are also observed within respective
cities, for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs (Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown
North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be less strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more
affluent and populated by individuals with tertiary education and higher incomes. The accents of
native English speakers from the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be
more strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory
workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact that
Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or failingeconomies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of Johannesburg. The western
suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which has now reverted to its old
name Sophiatown, Westdene, etc.) are predominantly Afrikaans speaking. In a similar fashion,
people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas in the Johannesburg area (such as
Sandton, Linksfield or Victory Park) may have accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry.
Examples of South African accents (obtained from http://accent.gmu.edu)
Native English: Male (Cape Town, South Africa)
Native English: Female (Cape Town, South Africa)
Native English: Male (Port Elizabeth, South Africa)
Native English: Male (Nigel, South Africa)
Afrikaans (Primary): Female (Pretoria, South Africa)
Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa)
Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria, South Africa)
Northern Sotho (Primary): Female (Polokwane, South Africa)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-saculture-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-varsity186-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1213http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikanerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Capehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-saculture-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle-classhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-varsity186-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Schneider-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophiatownhttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=903http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=904http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=496http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=102http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=1http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=2http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=418http://accent.gmu.edu/searchsaa.php?function=detail&speakerid=12137/22/2019 accents.doc
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Additional samples of South African accents and dialects can be found
at http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htm
Regardless of regional and ethnic differences (in accents), the "colloquial" South African English
accent is often confused with Australian (or New Zealand) English by British and American
English speakers.[15][16]
Zimbabwe
In Zimbabwe, native English speakers (mainly the white and Coloured minority) have a similar
speech pattern to that of South Africa. Hence those with high degrees of Germanic inflection
would pronounce 'Zimbabwe' as zim-bah-bwi, as opposed to the African pronunciation zeem-
bah-bweh. Zimbwabwean accents also vastly vary, with some Black Africans sounding British
while others will have a much stronger accent influenced by their mother tongues, usually this
distinction is brought about by where speakers grew up and the school attended. For example
most people that grew up in and around Harare have a British sounding accent while those in the
rural areas have a more "pigeon-english" sort of accent
Example of a Zimbabwean English accent (obtained from http://accent.gmu.edu)
Namibia
Namibian English tends to be strongly influenced by South African English.
[edit]Asia
[edit]Philippines
Main article:Philippine English
Philippine English employs a rhotic accent that originated from the time when it was first
introduced by the Americans during the colonization period to replace Spanish as the dominant
language used in politics.
In reality, there is no single Philippine English Accent, many indigenous languages affect the
English that is spoken throughout the Islands. For example, those from the Visayas may generally
interchange the /e/ and /i/ also the /o/ and /u/ as their distinction is not very pronounced in the
Visayan languages.
Those coming from the North may pronounce the /r/ with a strong trill instead of the flap as it is
one of the features of the Ilocano language. Some Ilocanos also pronounce the // better as there
is a sound in their language that is close to this.
[edit]Hong Kong
Main article:Hong Kong English
The accent of English spoken inHong Kongfollows mainly British, with rather strong influence
from Cantonese on thepronunciationsof a few consonants and vowels, and sentence grammar
and structure.
[edit]South Asia
See also:Sri Lankan English, Pakistani English, andIndian English
http://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Hopwood-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-webspace-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://accent.gmu.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttp://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-Hopwood-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-webspace-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwehttp://accent.gmu.edu/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Konghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_dialecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English7/22/2019 accents.doc
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A number of distinct dialects of English are spoken in South Asia. There are many languages
spoken in South Asia
like Urdu,Hindi,Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi,Pashto,Marathi,Assamese,Bengali,Maithili,Gujarati,
Kannada,Telugu,Malayalam,Tamil,Rajasthani and many more, creating a variety of accents of
English. Accents originating in this part of the world tend to display several distinctive features,
including:
syllable-timing, in which a roughly equal time is allocated to each syllable. Akin to the
English of Singapore and Malaysia. (Elsewhere, English speech timing is based
predominantly on stress);
"sing-song" pitch (somewhat reminiscent of those ofWelsh English).
[edit]Malaysia
Main article:Malaysian English
Malay is the lingua francaofMalaysia, a former British colony. English is a foreign language with
no official status, but it is commonly learnt as a second or third language.
The Malaysian accent appears to be a melding of British, Chinese, and Malay influences.
Many Malaysians adopt different accents and usages depending on the situation; for example, an
office worker may speak with less colloquialism and with a more British accent on the job than
with friends or while out shopping.
syllable-timing, where speech is timed according to syllable, akin to the English of the
Indian Subcontinent. (Elsewhere, speech is usually timed to stress.)
A quick, staccato style, with "puncturing" syllables and well-defined, drawn out tones.
Non-rhoticity, like most varieties ofEnglish language in England.
Hence caughtand courtare homophonous as /kt/ (in actuality, /k/ or/ko/, see
"Simplification" below); can'trhymes witharen't, etc.
The "ay" and "ow" sounds in raidand road(/e/ and /o/ respectively) are pronounced
asmonophthongs, i.e. with no "glide": [red] and [rod].
// is pronounced as [t] and // as [d]; hence, thin is [tn] and then is [dn].
Depending on how colloquial the situation is: many discourse particles, or words inserted
at the end of sentences that indicate the role of the sentence in discourse and the mood it
conveys, like "lah", "leh", "mah", "hor", etc.
See also:Manglish
[edit]SingaporeMain article:Singapore English
Singapore is effectively a multi-lingual nation. The Singapore government recognises fourofficial
languages: English, Malay, Chinese (Mandarin), and Tamil.
Students in Primary and Secondary schools learning English as the language of instruction also
learn a second language called their "Mother Tongue" by the Ministry of Education, where they
are either taughtMandarin Chinese, Malay orTamil. A main point to note is while "Mother
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_Languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-rhotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language_in_Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monophthonghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_particlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manglishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regional_accents_of_English&action=edit§ion=28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language7/22/2019 accents.doc
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Tongue" generally refers to the first language (L1) overseas, in Singapore, it is used by the
Ministry of Education to denote the second language (L2).
There are two main types of English spoken in Singapore - Standard Singapore
English and Singlish.
A 2005 census showed that around 30% of Singaporeans speak English as their main languageat home.[17]
There is a large number of foreigners working in Singapore. 36% of the population in Singapore
are foreigners and foreigners make up 50% of the service sector.[18] Therefore, it is very common
to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English. Most of these staff speak Mandarin
Chinese. Those who do not speak Mandarin Chinese tend to speak either broken English or
Singlish, which they have learnt from the locals.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstatch2-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstat2009-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Singapore_Englishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singlishhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstatch2-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English#cite_note-singstat2009-17Recommended