A Scaling Approach to Improve Variety Selection in Orchard Fruit Zack Brym Dept of Biology, Ecology...

A Scaling Approach to Improve Variety Selection in Orchard Fruit

Zack BrymDept of Biology, Ecology CenterUtah State University

z.t.brym@gmail.comzackbrym.weecology.org@ZackBrym

I like open science!

I like open science!

Code: github.com/weecology/branch-arch

Presentations: figshare.com

I like open science!

Code: github.com/weecology/branch-arch

Presentations: figshare.com [Brym]

I like open science!

Code: github.com/weecology/branch-arch

Presentations: figshare.com

You are free to:

I like open science!

Code: github.com/weecology/branch-arch

Presentations: figshare.com

You are free to:

Provided that:

What is Scaling?

What is Scaling?

Scaling is the description of universal patterns

What is Scaling?

Scaling is the description of universal patterns between: - morphological characteristics

like branch diameter, length, surface area

- biomass

What is Scaling?

Scaling is the description of universal patterns between: - morphological characteristics

like branch diameter, length, surface area

- biomass

across size, age, species.

What is Scaling?

Scaling relationships consistent within and among ALL plants. (Niklas 2004, Price et al 2010)

What is Scaling?

Scaling relationships consistent within and among ALL plants. (Niklas 2004, Price et al 2010)

Emergent patterns illustrate similarities in physiology among plants.

What is Scaling?

Scaling is a close relative to Allometry

What is Scaling?

Scaling is a close relative to Allometry

- long history in forestry and agriculture

What is Scaling?

Scaling is a close relative to Allometry

- long history in forestry and agriculture

- usually, species-specific for individual or stand

What is Scaling?

Applications of Scaling in Horticulture

- Tree architecture ‘Training System’

What is Scaling?

Applications of scaling in Horticulture

- Resource partitioning ‘Yield Efficiency’

What is Scaling?

Applications of scaling in Horticulture

- Resource partitioning ‘Yield Efficiency’

Cumulative Yield Trunk cross-sectional area

What is Scaling?

Applications of scaling in Horticulture

- Resource partitioning ‘Yield Efficiency’

(Grossman & DeJong, 1998)

B

Why a Scaling Approach?

Why a Scaling Approach?

Why a Scaling Approach?

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

- Theoretical Prediction (Niklas and Spatz, 2004)

Mass = Diameter 8/3

Why a Scaling Approach?

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

- Theoretical Prediction (Niklas and Spatz, 2004)

Mass = Diameter 8/3 … 8/3 = 2.67

Why a Scaling Approach?

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

- Theoretical Prediction (Niklas and Spatz, 2004)

Mass = Diameter 8/3 … 8/3 = 2.67

- Empirical Prediction (Brown 1997)

Mass = Diameter 2.53

Why a Scaling Approach?

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

R2 = 0.914

8/3

?

Why a Scaling Approach?

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Slope [95% CI] ; R2

Cherry 2.46 [ 2.39 , 2.53 ]; 0.909 Apple 2.57 [ 2.49 , 2.66 ]; 0.892 Both 2.48 [ 2.43 , 2.53 ]; 0.914

R2 = 0.914

?

Why a Scaling Approach?

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Slope [95% CI] ; R2

Cherry 2.46 [ 2.39 , 2.53 ]; 0.909 Apple 2.57 [ 2.49 , 2.66 ]; 0.892 Both 2.48 [ 2.43 , 2.53 ]; 0.914

R2 = 0.9142.53

Why a Scaling Approach?

Small differences in scaling distinguish varieties.

Why a Scaling Approach?

Small differences in scaling distinguish varieties.

- Appropriate architecture for Training

- Optimum Yield Efficiency

Why a Scaling Approach?

Small differences in scaling distinguish varieties.

- Appropriate architecture for Training

- Optimum Yield Efficiency

Consistent differences can reveal important levers for developing and evaluating new varieties and orchard systems.

What is a Scaling Approach?

What is a Scaling Approach?

NC-140 2003 ‘Golden Delicious’ Dwarf Rootstocks Kaysville, Utah

Bud.9

Geneva 41 (CG.3041)

Geneva 210 (CG.6210)

M.26 JM.8 PiAu.5683

Trunk cross-sectional area

What is a Scaling Approach?

What is a Scaling Approach?

Segment – Level Diameter Length Surface Area Volume Mass Twig count Scar count

What is a Scaling Approach?

Segment – Level

Diameter Length Surface Area Volume Mass

Twig count Scar count

“Estimated Exponents”

What is a Scaling Approach?

Segment – Level

Diameter Length Surface Area Volume Mass

Twig count Scar count

Grouped pairwise and Regressed for

Scaling Relationships

What is a Scaling Approach?

Segment – Level

Diameter Length Surface Area Volume Mass

Twig count Scar count

“Branch Metrics”

“Estimated Exponents”

What is a Scaling Approach?

Tree - Level Trunk cross-sectional area Height Spread Segment totals

What is a Scaling Approach?

Tree – Level

Trunk cross sectional area Height Segment totals

Spread Segment totals

“Branch Metrics”

“Estimated Exponents”

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Segment = ‘Internode’

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Segment = ‘Internode’

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Path = Maximum branch path

length

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Subtree = Totals from node

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Subtree = Totals from node

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Subtree = Totals from node

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Estimated Exponents

- Scaling Levels Segment = ‘Internode’ Path = Maximum branch path

length Subtree = Totals from node

- Regression Parameters Exponent Intercept

Variance in Confidence Intervals of Estimated Exponents

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Branch Metrics

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Branch Metrics

- ANOVA

- Post-hoc: Duncan’s Multiple Range

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Branch Metrics

*** Letters denote groups with significant differences in means.

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 1: Locate differences among rootstocks

- Cumulative Yield

*** Letters denote groups with significant differences in means.

What is a Scaling Approach?

Step 2: Correlate Significant Differences

So, …

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

Maximum Branch Path Length R2 = 0.868 Total Number of Pruning Scars R2 = 0.862

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

Variation in estimated allometric exponents also relate strongly to cumulative yield.

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

Variation in estimated allometric exponents also relate strongly to cumulative yield.

Mass ~ Diameter at Segment-level R2 = 0.782 Mass ~ Volume at Path-level R2 = 0.782

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

Variation in estimated allometric exponents also relate strongly to cumulative yield. Geneva® 210 (aka, CG.6210) consistently produces higher yield than would be expected by body size.

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

Variation in estimated allometric exponents also relate strongly to cumulative yield. Geneva® 210 (aka, CG.6210) consistently produces higher yield than would be expected by body size.

Be sure to standardize by size!!!

So, …

Orchard fruit scale like natural trees!

Branch metrics strongly relate to cumulative yield.

Variation in estimated allometric exponents also relate strongly to cumulative yield. Geneva® 210 (aka, CG.6210) consistently produces higher yield than would be expected by body size.

Be sure to standardize by size!!! Use TCSA, Canopy Spread, Path Length

Thank You…

Research Mentors: Morgan Ernest & Brent Black

Research Techs & Volunteers: Josh Anderson, Josh Shugart, Morey Burnham, Ken Locey, Matt Schroer, Xiao

Xiao

Grower Cooperators: Appenzell Farms, Hyde Park, Utah Bishops Orchards, Guilford, Connecticut Cherry Hill Orchards, Santaquin, Utah Kaysville Research Farm, Utah State University Paradise Valley Orchards, Paradise, Utah Zollinger Fruit Farm, River Heights, Utah