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A Review of Photovoltaic Cells
David Toub ECE42312/16/06
Agenda
• Introduction
• Functionality
• Semiconductor Properties
• VTC
• Efficiency and PV Design
• Auxiliary Design
• Applications
• Research
• Conclusions
Introduction
• Clean Energy
• PV System
– Cells
– Energy storage
– Charge Controller
– AC/DC converter
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Functionality
• pn diode
• No illumination– Diode behavior– e, h separated
• Illumination– Incident photons create e-h pairs– E fielde-h pairs separate
•Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on 12/02/06.
Semiconductor
• Absolute 0 Perfect insulator
• Temp increases conduction increases
• External energy raises temperature
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
VTC
• Performance Limits
• Pm = Vmax x Imax
• Incorporate load
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Energy Conversion Efficiency
• η =Pm/(E x Ac)• Primary Challenge• Incident photons
– Ep<Ebg Elost
– Ep>Ebg Ee- + Elost
– Ep=Ebg Ee-
• Silicon tradeoff– High bg loss– Low bg E, V reduced– Optimal at bg=1.4eV
Loss Tradeoffs
• Cell Top – Must be transparent– Too thin bad conduction
• Cell Interior grid– Large grid helps e-’s– Large grid blocks photons
Auxiliary Design
• Heavy modules– structural stress– Wind tension
• Pollution• Fan Example
– Speed– Acceleration– Without illumination
• E/V Ah
Applications
• Electric grid extensions not offered • Clean• Solar powered house• Water pumping systems• Garden lights• Automobiles• Source utility grid• Satellites, shuttles
•Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press Technology and Industrial. 2004
Research
• Thin Film– Cheap– Increased unit loss– Multilayer Efficiency
• Nanocrystalline– Thin film + mesoporous MO– Increased internal reflection– Great efficiency expensive
Conclusions
• Environmentally benign
• Inefficient uncommon Still fuel
• Future Efficiency increasing Cheaper
References• Ventre, Gerard. Messenger, Roger A. Ventre, Jerry. Photovoltaic Systems Engineering. CRC Press
Technology and Industrial. 2004• F Lasnier. Photovoltaic Engineering Handbook TG Ang - 1990 - A. Hilger New York• “Two layer organic Photovoltaic Cell.” -- Volume 48, Issue 2, pp. 183-185 Research Laboratories,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York. Applied Physics Letters -- January 13, 1986• Harmon, C. “Experience Curves of Photovoltaic Technology.” IIASA Publications. 2000.• “Photovoltaics.” Wikipeda, The Free Encyclopedia. Downloaded from www.wikipedia.org on
12/02/06. • Green, M. A. Solar cells: Operating principles, technology, and system applications. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1982. 288 p.• Wohlre, Dieter. Meissner, Dieter. “Organic Solar Cells.” Advanced Materials. Volume 3, Issue 3 ,
Pages 129 – 138. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 1991.• American Journal of Physics -- Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 286-287 American Association of Physics
Teachers. March 1993• O’Regan, B. & Grätzel, M. A low-cost, high efficiency solar cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal
TiO2 films. Nature 353, 737–740 (1991).• McCann,MichelleJ. Catchpole,KylieR. Weber, Klaus J. A review of thin film crystalline silicon for
solar cell applications. Part 1 : native substrates. 2001• Shah, A. Torres, P., Tscharner, R. Photovoltaic technology: the case for thin-film solar cells. Institute
of Microtechnology (IMT), University of Neuchatel, Rue A. -L. Breguet 2, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. University of Applied Science, Avenue de l'Hotel-de-Ville 7, CH-2400 Le Locle, Switzerland
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