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APA Referencing (6th Edition)
Tutorials
The Library's APA referencing tutorial timetable is available online (APA ReferencingandAPA for Electronic Resources). Face-to-face and online self-paced workshops are also available fromStudent Learning. Tutorials can also be found on the American Psychological Associationwebsite.
What is APA style?
The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style at the University ofWaikato.
The latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) is nowavailablein the Library. Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA website:Corrections to the first printing (PDF)andCorrected sample pap
(PDF).
Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word (NEW).How to use the APA referencing style
1. In text citation2. References list3. Key points
How to reference / cite material
1. Books2. Journal articles (academic / scholarly)3. Magazines (popular / trade)4. Newspapers5. Informally published work (webpages / online communities)6. Audio visual7. Others (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal communications, etc.)8. Images / tables / figures
How to use the APA referencing style
When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name and year of publicat If quoting directly, a location reference such as the page number or paragraph number is also required.1. In text citation (Quotes/Paraphrasing)
a. Direct quotation
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#5http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#5http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#5http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#4http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#4http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#4http://www.waikato.ac.nz/pathways/student-learning/index.shtmlhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/pathways/student-learning/index.shtmlhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/pathways/student-learning/index.shtmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/brief-guide.aspxhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/brief-guide.aspxhttp://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/brief-guide.aspxhttp://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1039724http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1039724http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1039724http://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-1st-Printing-Reprint-Corrections.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-1st-Printing-Reprint-Corrections.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-1st-Printing-Reprint-Corrections.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdfhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#apa1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#apa1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#3http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#3http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#howhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#howhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Bookshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Bookshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jourhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jourhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#genehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#genehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Webpageshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Webpageshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Audio-visualhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Audio-visualhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Othershttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Othershttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Tableshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Tableshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Tableshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Othershttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Audio-visualhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Webpageshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#genehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jourhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Bookshttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#howhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#3http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#apa1http://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-Corrected-Sample-Papers.pdfhttp://supp.apa.org/style/PM6E-1st-Printing-Reprint-Corrections.pdfhttp://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=1039724http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/brief-guide.aspxhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/pathways/student-learning/index.shtmlhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#4http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/t_libtuts_new.shtml#58/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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Use quotation marks and include page numbers.Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188).
Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).
A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without quotation marks. Note the locatof the final full stop.
Weston (1948) argues that:
One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern
occurs so often in our modern civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the deve lopment of
crooked teeth. (p. 174)
If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based document), use the paragraph number (para.)
instead.
"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of
pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz, Geibel & Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).
b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing
Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).
N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the read
to locate the reference in long pieces of text (Publication Manual, p. 171).
c. Citations from a secondary source
Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people
between the ages of 18 and 25 years.
N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.
2. References list
At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the fullbibliographic informationfor each source cited in text. Start the list of References on a new page at the end of your assignment - do not use footnotes (Publication Manual, p. 37) References must be listed in alphabetical order by author. References should use the hanging indent formata. Books / Reports / DVDs
Each reference should include four elements:(1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title (4) Publication Information
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bibhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bibhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bibhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bib8/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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ing, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.
N.B. If the book is available online, a retrieval statement orDOIis required after(3) Title. Exclude(4) Publication Information. See
example.
b. Periodicals
Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known as serials or periodicals. Include the samelements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:
(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and Page numbers
ainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.
N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement orDOIis required after the page numbers. Seeexample.
c. Webpages (unpublished and informally published work)
Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place.(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement
tatistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz
N.B. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192). Seeexample.
3. Key points
(1)Author(s):
Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s). Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and comma after each author's name). Eight or more authors: List first six authors, then insert three elipses (...), followed by the last author (NEW). Corporate / group author: i.e. an organisation, association or government department. If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each initial.
One author Brown, W. P.
Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.
Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.
Six or seven authors (NEW) Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis,J., Senior, V., & Walton, C.See example
Eight or more authors(NEW)
Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A.,Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M.Seeexample
Corporate / group author Ministry of Education.See example
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#e-bookhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#e-bookhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#e-bookhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doi8/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.See exampleBook with no author/Article with no author
(2) Date:
The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).Books and academic journals (1993)
Magazines and newspapers
Monthly (1993, June)
Daily, weekly (1993, June 12)
No date (n.d.)
In press (in press)
If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabetical characters a, b etc. immediately after the year.In text:
As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover, Lohan (2009a) concludes ...
In the References list:
Lohan, L. (2009a). New management...
Lohan, L. (2009b). Organizational culture...
(3) Title of the work:
Book titles are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and the subtitle in capital letters. Pr oper nouns also begin a capital letter.
e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame
Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in the journal title begin with a capital letter.e.g. Journal of Marketing Communications
Chapters in books and journal article titles are in lowercase except for the first letter of the first word of the title, sub title, and any propenouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102-103).
The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.Additional information:
Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after the title (Publication Manual, p. 186).
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Book_-_no_author_http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Book_-_no_author_http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Book_-_no_author_http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Book_-_no_author_8/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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e.g. Educational psychology for learning and teaching(2nd ed.)
A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD], [PowerPoint slides], [Poster], [Letter to the editor]hristchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 years anniversary brochure: 1864-1984[Brochure]. Christchurch, Ne
Zealand: Author.
(4) Publication Information
Place of publication: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.
Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city l isted only. All publishing cities now require the state or province, if applicable, and country (NEW). For the United States, use the city name, then the2-letter postal codeinstead of the United States (Publication Manual, p. 187).
American cities Thousand Oaks, CA
Non-American cities Hamilton, New ZealandLondon, England
Non-American cities with a state Sydney, NSW, Australia
Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.
Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books or Press. Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given. When the author is the publisher of the work, use the word 'Author' in the publisher field. Seeexample.
N.B. Using aDigital Object Identifier (DOI)is the preferred method of identifying online material such as journal articles, books and repo
For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it (Publication Manual, p. 189). Seeexample.
How to reference/cite material
Books
Book - one author
In Reference List In Text Citation
ng, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand:
Viking.
(King, 2000) or
King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (
34).
Book - two authors
In Reference List In Text Citation
http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.htmlhttp://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.htmlhttp://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.htmlhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html8/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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evio, L. K., & Nelson. K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how
to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
N.B. Use the ampersand(&)between the two authors' names, except when
paraphrasing in text whereandis used (Publication Manual, p. 175).
(Trevio & Nelson, 2007) or
Trevio and Nelson (2007) illustrate this
Book - three to five authors (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
ause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning
and teaching(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.
N.B. For six or seven authors, see example(Journal article with DOIor eight or
more(Magazine - print version).
(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) o
Krause, Bochner and Duchesne (2006)
recommend "..." (p. 32).
In subsequent citations:
According to Krause et al. (2006)
N.B: Cite all authors the first time, and in
subsequent citations include only the fir
author followed by et al.(short for et alii.
Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et
Book or report by a corporate / group author
In Reference List In Text Citation
orld Health Organization. (2008). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age.
Geneva, Switzerland: Author.
N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher
field. List in the References list by the first significant word of the organisation. For
group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).
(World Health Organization [WHO], 200
In subsequent citations:
WHO (2008) highlight the ...
N.B. Some group authors may be
abbreviated in subsequent citations if th
are readily recognisable.
Book - no author (Anonymous)
In Reference List In Text Citation
onymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One womans journey of recovery from food
addiction and obesity. Taupo, New Zealand: Avalon.
N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field.
If no author is stated, see next example.
(Anonymous, 1999)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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Book - no author
In Reference List In Text Citation
int investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice,
Office of Justice Programs.
N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the author position, but check to see
whether it should be a corporate / group author asabove. Seedictionary /
encyclopediaornewspaperfor further examples.
In the book, Joint Investigations of Child
Abuse, ...
N.B. The key words of the book title are
capitalised when used in text, but not in
References list. See the Publication
Manual, pp. 101-103, 176
about capitalisation protocols in the AP
style.
Book - edited
In Reference List In Text Citation
movar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader(8th
ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). However, a number of authors may
contribute to an edited book. See next example for referencing a chapter in an edited
book.
SeeBook - Chapter in edited book.
Book - Chapter in edited book
In Reference List In Text Citation
lber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T.
Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice(pp. 105-113).
Chichester, England: Wiley.
N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title.
Note the editor's initials come before the family name. The page numbers of the
chapter are also required.
(Helber, 1995) or
Helber (1995) concludes by ...
Book - Electronic (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
ill, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and Beethoven
[Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.
N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now
required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example,
http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).
(Will, 2002) or
Will (2002) attributes ...
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above
(do not include the URL).
Book - Translated
In Reference List In Text Citation
rtre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique(F. Williams, Trans.). Ann
Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
(Sartre, 1962) or
Sartre (1962) is an example of ...
Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry
In Reference List In Text Citation
ang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson
(Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia(Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles
Scribner's Sons.
N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition) include this in
parentheses after the title along with page number(s).
(Hwang, 2002) or
Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles Nor
Korea ...
Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry with no author
In Reference List In Text Citation
cial constructionism. (2009.) In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology
(3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database.
N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of
publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name.
For undergraduate students, if using a library subscription database, give the name
of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL).
("Social Constructionism," 2009)
N.B. Use capital letters for the first letter
key words and double quotation marks
(Publication Manual, p. 176).
Thesis (except from the US) - print version (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
wstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of
Waikato(Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New
Zealand.
N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or Unpublished
master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual, p. 207).
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006) recommends ...
Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (NEW)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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In Reference List In Text Citation
wstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of
Waikato(Master's thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand).
Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241
(Dewstow, 2006) or
Dewstow (2006) recommends ...
Thesis from US - electronic version (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
se, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions(Doctoral dissertation,
Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd
B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207-208.
(Rose, 2006) or
According to Rose (2006) ...
Journals (Academic Scholarly)
Journal article - print versionIn Reference List In Text Citation
inaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism
Review, 63(4), 40-57.
N.B. A capital letter is used forkeywords in the journal title. The journal title and
volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not
italicised).
If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses
immediately after the volume number.
For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous
pagination.
(Sainaghi, 2008) or
Sainaghi (2008) suggests "..." (p. 47).
Journal article - electronic version
with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
In Reference List In Text Citation
epherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C.
(2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human
cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392.
doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018
N.B. ADOIis a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to
identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet.
(Shepherd et al., 2007) or
Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ...
N.B. If there are six or seven authors, lis
all authors in the reference list. From the
first citation in text, useet al. after the fi
author(NEW). Seemagazine example
eight or more authors.
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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Journal article - electronic version
with no DOI (Digital Object Identifier)
In Reference List In Text Citation
rrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program
in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education
Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database.
N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example
above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the
date of retrieval.
If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is noDOI, you are now required to
give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).
(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or
In their research, Harrison and Papa
(2005) established ...
Journal article - Internet only
In Reference List In Text Citation
ell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white
supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka
N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in
text.
(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or
Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..."
(para. 3)
MagazinesMagazine - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
n Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., Peters, G.
(2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific[Australia/New Zealand
editon], 174(14), 12-17.
N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines.
If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses () and finish
with the last author(NEW).
(von Drehle et al., 2009) or
Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert ...
N.B. If an author's name which usually
begins with a lower case letter appears
the beginning of a sentence, it must be
capitalised.
Magazine - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
bison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved
from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database
(Robison, 2008) or
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL
of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).
For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above
(do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of
retrieval.
Robison (2008) considers ...
Newspaper
Print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
mming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p.
B4.
N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not
magazines or journals.
p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers are discontinous, separate
page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.
(Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003) reports ...
Electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
mming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald.
Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz
N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. Itis no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.
(Cumming, 2003) or
Cumming (2003) reports ...
Newspaper article with no author
In Reference List In Text Citation
ivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1.
N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. In the in text citation, abbreviate
the title, use double quotation marks and capital letters (Publication Manual, p. 176).
("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices," 2003)
N.B. Use capital letters and double
quotation marks.
Audiovisual
Film - Motion Picture
In Reference List In Text Citation
sile, T. (Producer), Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma[Motion picture]. United States:
MGM Home Entertainment.
(Vasile & Fellini, 2001)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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N.B.
1. In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director orproducer or both) but not the presenters.
2. For publication information, give the motion picture'scountry of originandthe name of the motion picture studio
3. A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title.It is not italicised.
Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
e Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked[CD]. Hollywood, CA:
Capital Records.
(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)
N.B. Include side and band or track
numbers.
Television programme
In Reference List In Text Citation
ater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes.
Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.
N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in [ ] after the title.
(Slater, 2002)
Audio podcast (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
onan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio
podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz
N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier
(Noonan, 2008)
Unpublished and Informally published works
Webpage (Informally published work)
In Reference List In Text Citation
atistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.nz
N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work
(Publication Manual, p. 212). See alsoonline report examples.
(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)
N.B. Do not write URLs in the text
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#28/3/2019 A Pa Referencing
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It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is
likely to be updated (e.g.Wiki).(NEW)
Wiki
In Reference List In Text Citation
iversity of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from
http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Include the date of retrieval since the
contents of a wiki are likely to change over time. For group authors, the parent body
precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).
(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.
Online discussion (NEW)
In Reference List
In Text Citation
almers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment].
Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
(Chalmers, 2000)
Blog post (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
adard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message].
Retrieved from http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
(Wadard, 2009)
Video blog post (NEW)
In Reference List In Text Citation
elefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY
N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.
(Leelefever, 2007)
Others (Course handouts / Legal Material / Conference / report / Personal Communications)
Course handout / Lecture notes - print version (Unpublished work)
In Reference List In Text Citation
own, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B[Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand:
University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.
(Brown, 2004)
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N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers,
lectures from an archive or personal collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In the
publication information field, list the organisation's name (e.g. university, department),
city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture
notes].
Course handout / Lecture notes - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
own, P. (2004). Lecture 3: MKTG200-04B[Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from...
N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, and add retrieval statement
(URL or MyWeb or Moodle or EdLink etc.).
(Brown, 2004)
Legal Material
APA recommends the use ofThe Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed. 2005)for referencing legal material - see NZ sect
at p. 297
In Reference List In Text Citation
Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121. (Children's Commissioner Act 2003) or
It is regulated by the Children's
Commissioner Act 2003
N.B. Italicise the name of legal material
when it is cited in text (Publication Manu
p. 177).
Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone conversations, Emails, Personal Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)
In Reference List In Text Citation
N.B. No information is required in the reference list as the data is not retrievable. (H. Clarke, personal communication, Ma
19, 2004) or
Professor Clarke (personal communicat
March 19, 2004) commented that...
Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings
In Reference List In Text Citation
obhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping
behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying Psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania
(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or
Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994)
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(pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society.
N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book
or book chapter (Publication Manual, p. 206). To cite proceedings published
regularly use the same format as a periodical.
published their ...
Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
chner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in
developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for
Research in Education Conference. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt;
N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month
of the conference(NEW) (Publication Manual, pp. 206-208).
(Bochner, 1996) or
Bochner (1996) addressed this ...
Report - print version
In Reference List In Text Citation
iversity of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence(Information series No. 3). Hamilton,
New Zealand: Author.
N.B. If the report has a number, give the number in parentheses immediately after
the title. If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.
(University of Waikato, 1967)
Annual Report - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
lecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report
2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-
report-2007.pdf
(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)
Report - electronic version
In Reference List In Text Citation
ygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006.
Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website:
http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-
06_Science2.pdf
N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval statement
if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p. 205). Seenext
(Caygill, 2009) or
Caygill (2009) concludes ...
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example.
Report - technical or research
In Reference List In Text Citation
lmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese
students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers
(Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department
of Management Communication.
N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title. If the name of
the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, this does not
need to be repeated in the publisher location.
Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced the
document (Publication Manual, p. 206).
(Holmes, 2000) or
Holmes (2000) highlights the importance
Images, tables and figures
Illustrations, maps and photographs, etc (excluding tables) are referred to as figures. If it is not your own work, the source must backnowledged in full below the figure or table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.
FiguresThe caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption (Publication Manual, pp. 158-167).
Example:From a journal:Figure 2.The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title ofJournal, Volume, p. xx.
From a book:Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book(p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place ofPublication: Publisher.
TablesThe caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table beginning with the word Note (PublicationManual, pp. 138-141).
Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. XX.
Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.
Note. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a four-paper master's thesis), permission to reproduce copyright material mube obtained. If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, you must provide a note at the bottom of the item that includescopyright information and a permissions statement.
Copyright permissions are done as a footnote with the information as above, concluding with: Copyright [year] by the Name of
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Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.
e.g.Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place ofPublication: Publisher. Copyright 2001 by Publisher. Reprinted with permission.
If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving permission for the photo to be used (Publication
Manual, p. 166).
For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp. 38, 173. See alsoCopyright Guidelines forResearch Students and the University of Waikato'sCopyright Informationweb pages.
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