A Pa Referencing

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APA Referencing (6th Edition)

Tutorials

The Library's APA referencing tutorial timetable is available online (APA ReferencingandAPA for Electronic Resources). Face-to-face and online self-paced workshops are also available fromStudent Learning. Tutorials can also be found on the American Psychological Associationwebsite.

What is APA style?

The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most commonly used referencing style at the University ofWaikato.

The latest edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2010) is nowavailablein the Library. Corrections to the first printing can be found on the APA website:Corrections to the first printing (PDF)andCorrected sample pap

(PDF).

Changes to the 5th edition are highlighted with the word (NEW).How to use the APA referencing style

1. In text citation2. References list3. Key points

How to reference / cite material

1. Books2. Journal articles (academic / scholarly)3. Magazines (popular / trade)4. Newspapers5. Informally published work (webpages / online communities)6. Audio visual7. Others (Conference papers, reports, legal citations, personal communications, etc.)8. Images / tables / figures

How to use the APA referencing style

When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in the text by author name and year of publicat If quoting directly, a location reference such as the page number or paragraph number is also required.1. In text citation (Quotes/Paraphrasing)

a. Direct quotation
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Use quotation marks and include page numbers.Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188).

Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p.188).

A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block of text without quotation marks. Note the locatof the final full stop.

Weston (1948) argues that:

One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern

occurs so often in our modern civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the deve lopment of

crooked teeth. (p. 174)

If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based document), use the paragraph number (para.)

instead.

"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of

pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz, Geibel & Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).

b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar & Porter, 1997).

N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to include them, especially when it assists the read

to locate the reference in long pieces of text (Publication Manual, p. 171).

c. Citations from a secondary source

Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in the lifespan of humans, covering young people

between the ages of 18 and 25 years.

N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.

2. References list

At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the fullbibliographic informationfor each source cited in text. Start the list of References on a new page at the end of your assignment - do not use footnotes (Publication Manual, p. 37) References must be listed in alphabetical order by author. References should use the hanging indent formata. Books / Reports / DVDs

Each reference should include four elements:(1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title (4) Publication Information
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bibhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bibhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bibhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#bib


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ing, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.

N.B. If the book is available online, a retrieval statement orDOIis required after(3) Title. Exclude(4) Publication Information. See

example.

b. Periodicals

Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are known as serials or periodicals. Include the samelements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:

(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and Page numbers

ainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement orDOIis required after the page numbers. Seeexample.

c. Webpages (unpublished and informally published work)

Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and add a retrieval statement in its place.(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement

tatistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication Manual, p. 192). Seeexample.

3. Key points

(1)Author(s):

Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s). Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and comma after each author's name). Eight or more authors: List first six authors, then insert three elipses (...), followed by the last author (NEW). Corporate / group author: i.e. an organisation, association or government department. If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each initial.

One author Brown, W. P.

Two authors Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.

Three to five authors Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.

Six or seven authors (NEW) Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis,J., Senior, V., & Walton, C.See example

Eight or more authors(NEW)

Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A.,Becherucci, P., Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M.Seeexample

Corporate / group author Ministry of Education.See example
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#e-bookhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#e-bookhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#e-bookhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doi


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No author Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.See exampleBook with no author/Article with no author

(2) Date:

The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).Books and academic journals (1993)

Magazines and newspapers

Monthly (1993, June)

Daily, weekly (1993, June 12)

No date (n.d.)

In press (in press)

If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabetical characters a, b etc. immediately after the year.In text:

As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover, Lohan (2009a) concludes ...

In the References list:

Lohan, L. (2009a). New management...

Lohan, L. (2009b). Organizational culture...

(3) Title of the work:

Book titles are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and the subtitle in capital letters. Pr oper nouns also begin a capital letter.

e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame

Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in the journal title begin with a capital letter.e.g. Journal of Marketing Communications

Chapters in books and journal article titles are in lowercase except for the first letter of the first word of the title, sub title, and any propenouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102-103).

The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.Additional information:

Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after the title (Publication Manual, p. 186).
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e.g. Educational psychology for learning and teaching(2nd ed.)

A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD], [PowerPoint slides], [Poster], [Letter to the editor]hristchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 years anniversary brochure: 1864-1984[Brochure]. Christchurch, Ne

Zealand: Author.

(4) Publication Information

Place of publication: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city l isted only. All publishing cities now require the state or province, if applicable, and country (NEW). For the United States, use the city name, then the2-letter postal codeinstead of the United States (Publication Manual, p. 187).

American cities Thousand Oaks, CA

Non-American cities Hamilton, New ZealandLondon, England

Non-American cities with a state Sydney, NSW, Australia

Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books or Press. Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given. When the author is the publisher of the work, use the word 'Author' in the publisher field. Seeexample.

N.B. Using aDigital Object Identifier (DOI)is the preferred method of identifying online material such as journal articles, books and repo

For researchers, when a DOI is available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it (Publication Manual, p. 189). Seeexample.

How to reference/cite material

Books

Book - one author

In Reference List In Text Citation

ng, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand:

Viking.

(King, 2000) or

King (2000) compares Frame with "..." (

34).

Book - two authors

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evio, L. K., & Nelson. K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how

to do it right. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

N.B. Use the ampersand(&)between the two authors' names, except when

paraphrasing in text whereandis used (Publication Manual, p. 175).

(Trevio & Nelson, 2007) or

Trevio and Nelson (2007) illustrate this

Book - three to five authors (NEW)


ause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). Educational psychology for learning

and teaching(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia: Thomson.

N.B. For six or seven authors, see example(Journal article with DOIor eight or

more(Magazine - print version).

(Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne, 2006) o

Krause, Bochner and Duchesne (2006)

recommend "..." (p. 32).

In subsequent citations:

According to Krause et al. (2006)

N.B: Cite all authors the first time, and in

subsequent citations include only the fir

author followed by et al.(short for et alii.

Latin for 'and others'). Do not italicise et

Book or report by a corporate / group author


orld Health Organization. (2008). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age.

Geneva, Switzerland: Author.

N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, use Author in the publisher

field. List in the References list by the first significant word of the organisation. For

group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

(World Health Organization [WHO], 200

In subsequent citations:

WHO (2008) highlight the ...

N.B. Some group authors may be

abbreviated in subsequent citations if th

are readily recognisable.

Book - no author (Anonymous)


onymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One womans journey of recovery from food

addiction and obesity. Taupo, New Zealand: Avalon.

N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use Anonymous in the author field.

If no author is stated, see next example.

(Anonymous, 1999)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Magazine_-_print_versionhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-ehttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


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Book - no author


int investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice,

Office of Justice Programs.

N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the author position, but check to see

whether it should be a corporate / group author asabove. Seedictionary /

encyclopediaornewspaperfor further examples.

In the book, Joint Investigations of Child

Abuse, ...

N.B. The key words of the book title are

capitalised when used in text, but not in

References list. See the Publication

Manual, pp. 101-103, 176

about capitalisation protocols in the AP

style.

Book - edited


movar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader(8th

ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s). However, a number of authors may

contribute to an edited book. See next example for referencing a chapter in an edited

book.

SeeBook - Chapter in edited book.

Book - Chapter in edited book


lber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T.

Baum (Eds.), Island tourism: Management principles and practice(pp. 105-113).

Chichester, England: Wiley.

N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed by the editor(s) and book title.

Note the editor's initials come before the family name. The page numbers of the

chapter are also required.

(Helber, 1995) or

Helber (1995) concludes by ...

Book - Electronic (NEW)


ill, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the age of Haydn and Beethoven

[Ebrary Reader version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database.

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no DOI, you are now

required to give the URL of the Ebook's homepage (in this example,

http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

(Will, 2002) or

Will (2002) attributes ...
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#chapthttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#Newspaper_-_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#dictionary_no_authorhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#author-phttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


8/17

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above

(do not include the URL).

Book - Translated


rtre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological critique(F. Williams, Trans.). Ann

Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

(Sartre, 1962) or

Sartre (1962) is an example of ...

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry


ang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In D. Levinson & K. Christenson

(Eds.), Encyclopedia of modern Asia(Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Charles

Scribner's Sons.

N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st edition) include this in

parentheses after the title along with page number(s).

(Hwang, 2002) or

Hwang (2002) identifies the hurdles Nor

Korea ...

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry with no author


cial constructionism. (2009.) In J. Scott & G. Marshall (Eds.), A dictionary of sociology

(3rd rev. ed.). Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium database.

N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a retrieval statement takes the place of

publisher location and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family name.

For undergraduate students, if using a library subscription database, give the name

of the database, as in the example above (do not include the database URL).

("Social Constructionism," 2009)

N.B. Use capital letters for the first letter

key words and double quotation marks

(Publication Manual, p. 176).

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (NEW)


wstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of

Waikato(Unpublished master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, New

Zealand.

N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation after the title or Unpublished

master's thesis for Master's degree (Publication Manual, p. 207).

(Dewstow, 2006) or

Dewstow (2006) recommends ...

Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (NEW)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


9/17


wstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance teaching at the University of

Waikato(Master's thesis, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand).

Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241

(Dewstow, 2006) or

Dewstow (2006) recommends ...

Thesis from US - electronic version (NEW)


se, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value auctions(Doctoral dissertation,

Ohio State University). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd

B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual, pp.207-208.

(Rose, 2006) or

According to Rose (2006) ...

Journals (Academic Scholarly)

Journal article - print versionIn Reference List In Text Citation

inaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations.Tourism

Review, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. A capital letter is used forkeywords in the journal title. The journal title and

volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in parentheses (not

italicised).

If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue number in the parentheses

immediately after the volume number.

For researchers, the issue number is not required for journals with continuous

pagination.

(Sainaghi, 2008) or

Sainaghi (2008) suggests "..." (p. 47).

Journal article - electronic version

with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)


epherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C.

(2007). Towards an understanding of British public attitudes concerning human

cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), 377-392.

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018

N.B. ADOIis a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to

identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet.

(Shepherd et al., 2007) or

Shepherd et al. (2007) highlight the ...

N.B. If there are six or seven authors, lis

all authors in the reference list. From the

first citation in text, useet al. after the fi

author(NEW). Seemagazine example

eight or more authors.
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#magahttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#acadhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


10/17

Journal article - electronic version

with no DOI (Digital Object Identifier)


rrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program

in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education

Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from Academic Research Library database.

N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example

above (do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the

date of retrieval.

If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is noDOI, you are now required to

give the URL of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).

(Harrison & Papa, 2005) or

In their research, Harrison and Papa

(2005) established ...

Journal article - Internet only


ell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of heavy metal communities and white

supremacy. Te Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from

http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka

N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite the paragraph number in

text.

(Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.) or

Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.) identified "..."

(para. 3)

MagazinesMagazine - print version


n Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., Baker, A., James, R., Peters, G.

(2009, October 12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific[Australia/New Zealand

editon], 174(14), 12-17.

N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and year for monthly magazines.

If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then three elipses () and finish

with the last author(NEW).

(von Drehle et al., 2009) or

Von Drehle et al. (2009) assert ...

N.B. If an author's name which usually

begins with a lower case letter appears

the beginning of a sentence, it must be

capitalised.

Magazine - electronic version


bison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved

from Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre database

(Robison, 2008) or
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/glossary.shtml#doihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


11/17

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are now required to give the URL

of the journal homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).

For undergraduate students, give the name of the database, as in the example above

(do not include the database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the date of

retrieval.

Robison (2008) considers ...

Newspaper

Print version


mming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald, p.

B4.

N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is used for newspapers only, not

magazines or journals.

p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers are discontinous, separate

page numbers with a comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.

(Cumming, 2003) or

Cumming (2003) reports ...

Electronic version


mming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the world. The New Zealand Herald.

Retrieved from http://www.nzherald.co.nz

N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to avoid non-working URLs. Itis no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval.

(Cumming, 2003) or

Cumming (2003) reports ...

Newspaper article with no author


ivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1.

N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. In the in text citation, abbreviate

the title, use double quotation marks and capital letters (Publication Manual, p. 176).

("Drivers Reject Fuel Prices," 2003)

N.B. Use capital letters and double

quotation marks.

Audiovisual

Film - Motion Picture


sile, T. (Producer), Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). Roma[Motion picture]. United States:

MGM Home Entertainment.

(Vasile & Fellini, 2001)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


12/17

N.B.

1. In the Author field, identify the primary contributors (i.e. the director orproducer or both) but not the presenters.

2. For publication information, give the motion picture'scountry of originandthe name of the motion picture studio

3. A description of the form of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title.It is not italicised.

Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW)


e Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... naked[CD]. Hollywood, CA:

Capital Records.

(The Beatles, 2003, track 10)

N.B. Include side and band or track

numbers.

Television programme


ater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle [Television series episode]. In 60 minutes.

Auckland, New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.

N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in [ ] after the title.

(Slater, 2002)

Audio podcast (NEW)


onan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio

podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.radionz.co.nz

N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date, title and identifier

(Noonan, 2008)

Unpublished and Informally published works

Webpage (Informally published work)


atistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from

http://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered an informally published work

(Publication Manual, p. 212). See alsoonline report examples.

(Statistics New Zealand, 2007)

N.B. Do not write URLs in the text
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


13/17

It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval, unless webpage content is

likely to be updated (e.g.Wiki).(NEW)

Wiki


iversity of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from

http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commentaries

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Include the date of retrieval since the

contents of a wiki are likely to change over time. For group authors, the parent body

precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

(University of Waikato, Law Library, n.d.

Online discussion (NEW)

In Reference List

In Text Citation

almers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online forum comment].

Retrieved from http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousness/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

(Chalmers, 2000)

Blog post (NEW)


adard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be scuttled [Web log message].

Retrieved from http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/


(Wadard, 2009)

Video blog post (NEW)


elefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video file]. Retrieved from

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY


(Leelefever, 2007)

Others (Course handouts / Legal Material / Conference / report / Personal Communications)

Course handout / Lecture notes - print version (Unpublished work)


own, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B[Lecture notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand:

University of Waikato, Department of Marketing.

(Brown, 2004)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wikihttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#wiki


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N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the group "unpublished papers,

lectures from an archive or personal collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In the

publication information field, list the organisation's name (e.g. university, department),

city, and country. Put the format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture

notes].

Course handout / Lecture notes - electronic version


own, P. (2004). Lecture 3: MKTG200-04B[Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from...

N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, and add retrieval statement

(URL or MyWeb or Moodle or EdLink etc.).

(Brown, 2004)

Legal Material

APA recommends the use ofThe Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed. 2005)for referencing legal material - see NZ sect

at p. 297


Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. 121. (Children's Commissioner Act 2003) or

It is regulated by the Children's

Commissioner Act 2003

N.B. Italicise the name of legal material

when it is cited in text (Publication Manu

p. 177).

Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone conversations, Emails, Personal Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)


N.B. No information is required in the reference list as the data is not retrievable. (H. Clarke, personal communication, Ma

19, 2004) or

Professor Clarke (personal communicat

March 19, 2004) commented that...

Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings


obhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). Possession phenomena: As a coping

behaviour. In G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying Psychology: Lessons from Asia-Oceania

(Shobhadevi & Bidarakoppa, 1994) or

Shobhadevi and Bidarakoppa (1994)
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=548934http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=548934http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=548934http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://waikato.lconz.ac.nz/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=548934http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


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(pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Australia: Australian Psychological Society.

N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the same format as for a book

or book chapter (Publication Manual, p. 206). To cite proceedings published

regularly use the same format as a periodical.

published their ...

Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic version


chner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher education: Issues to be addressed in

developing a mentoring program. Paper presented at the Australian Association for

Research in Education Conference. Retrieved from

http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt;

N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in the conference name. Give the month

of the conference(NEW) (Publication Manual, pp. 206-208).

(Bochner, 1996) or

Bochner (1996) addressed this ...

Report - print version


iversity of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence(Information series No. 3). Hamilton,

New Zealand: Author.

N.B. If the report has a number, give the number in parentheses immediately after

the title. If it is an annual report, reference it as a book.

(University of Waikato, 1967)

Annual Report - electronic version


lecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, connect, communicate: Annual report

2007. Retrieved from http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/telecom-annual-

report-2007.pdf

(Telecom New Zealand, 2007)

Report - electronic version


ygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to 2006.

Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website:

http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/914_TIMSS-

06_Science2.pdf

N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval statement

if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p. 205). Seenext

(Caygill, 2009) or

Caygill (2009) concludes ...
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#report2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#1http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#2


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example.

Report - technical or research


lmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication experiences of ethnic Chinese

students in a Western tertiary institution: Implications for education providers

(Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato, Department

of Management Communication.

N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses after the title. If the name of

the state, province, or country is included in the name of the university, this does not

need to be repeated in the publisher location.

Give the name of the university first, followed by the department that produced the

document (Publication Manual, p. 206).

(Holmes, 2000) or

Holmes (2000) highlights the importance

Images, tables and figures

Illustrations, maps and photographs, etc (excluding tables) are referred to as figures. If it is not your own work, the source must backnowledged in full below the figure or table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.

FiguresThe caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption (Publication Manual, pp. 158-167).

Example:From a journal:Figure 2.The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title ofJournal, Volume, p. xx.

From a book:Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book(p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place ofPublication: Publisher.

TablesThe caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table beginning with the word Note (PublicationManual, pp. 138-141).

Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Article, by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. XX.

Note. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Note. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a four-paper master's thesis), permission to reproduce copyright material mube obtained. If you are reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, you must provide a note at the bottom of the item that includescopyright information and a permissions statement.

Copyright permissions are done as a footnote with the information as above, concluding with: Copyright [year] by the Name of
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Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with permission.

e.g.Figure 2. The Tongan social hierarchy. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place ofPublication: Publisher. Copyright 2001 by Publisher. Reprinted with permission.

If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving permission for the photo to be used (Publication

Manual, p. 166).

For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp. 38, 173. See alsoCopyright Guidelines forResearch Students and the University of Waikato'sCopyright Informationweb pages.

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